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In a general psychological sense, motivation can be defined as A. the intensity of one's effort B. the direction of one's effort C. the direction and emotion associated with one's effort D. the direction and intensity of one's effort - โโD In terms of motivational approaches, the "trait-centered view" focused on ___________ whereas the "situation-centered view" takes primary focus on __________. The most widely accepted approach, though, is the __________ view, which incorporates the previous two approaches. A. the environment/situation, individual characteristics, mixed B. individual characteristics, the environment/situation, mixed C. individual characteristics, the environment/situation, interactional D. biological characteristics, life changes, interactional - โโC Attribution theory focuses on A. how individuals explain their personal attributes B. how groups explain their personality attributes C. how individuals explain their success and failure D. how individuals explain their personal biases - โโC According to Achievement Goal Theory, individuals can adopt certain outcome goal orientations. The orientation towards skill development or improvement is labeled as ______. A. task/mastery B. ego/outcome C. task/ego
D. mastery/outcome - โโA For an athlete unlikely to socially compare well (i.e., lose) in an upcoming competition, which would be the WORST combination of goal orientations for their future motivation and self-perceptions following the contest? A. low task/mastery / low ego/outcome B. high task/mastery / low ego/outcome C. low task/mastery / high ego/outcome D. high task/mastery / high ego/outcome - โโC Your textbook refers to arousal as the A. direction of motivation at all times B. frequency of motivated behavior C. interaction of cognition and emotions D. intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment - โโD A low trait-anxious athlete (compared to a high trait-anxious athlete) would perceive competition as A. less threatening and less anxiety producing B. less threatening and more anxiety producing C. more threatening and more anxiety producing D. more threatening and less anxiety producing - โโA ________ concerns the degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts. A. trait anxiety B. cognitive state anxiety C. social physique anxiety D. somatic state anxiety E. debilitative anxiety - โโB
A. Competitive means-competitive ends B. Individual means-individual ends C. Cooperative means-individual ends D. Cooperative means-competitive ends - โโA Which of the following components is NOT required for cooperation? A. Positive interdependce B. Individual accountability C. Social skills training D. Self-referenced goals - โโD A youth soccer coach wants to improve cooperation among his team as he feels some kids possess great athletic skills while some need to learn the basics of the game. Which is not a way to implement cooperation among his team to address this concern? A. Allow the kids to play the same position each game B. Maximize participation C. Do not keep score in games D. Give positive feedback - โโA ____________ feedback provides information about specific behaviors, levels of proficiency that should be achieved, and the current level of proficiency. A. Motivational B. General C. Instructional D. Specific - โโC In terms of the relationship between competition and intrinsic motivation, competitive success tends to _______ intrinsic motivation, whereas competitive failure tends to ________ intrinsic motivation. A. decrease, increase B. increase, decrease
C. decrease, decrease D. increase, increase - โโB Johnny is a quarterback on his high school football team. His coach has been helping him to improve his passing form by rewarding small daily improvements as he approaches the correct behavior. This is best exemplified by _____. A. Punishment B. Shaping C. General Reinforcement D. Feedback - โโB In considering the research findings on scholarships by Amorose, Horn, and Miller (1994, 2000), what combination of coaching behaviors would most likely decrease a scholarship athlete's intrinsic motivation? A. Coach emphasizes controlling aspect of scholarship, displays autocratic behavior B. Coach emphasizes informational aspect of scholarship, displays democratic behaviors C. Coach emphasizes controlling aspect of scholarship, displays democratic behavior D. Coach emphasizes informational aspect of scholarship, displays autocratic behavior - โโA You recently began coaching an elementary-school basketball team, whose members are learning the game for the first time. You seek to promote your player's enjoyment of their overall sport experience. What would NOT be an appropriate guideline to follow when giving positive reinforcement to your novice young players? A. Give them continuous and immediate reinforcement B. Reward their successful approximations through shaping C. Reward only the outcomes of players' attempts D. Provide specific feedback about players' performances - โโC This technique, involving the tensing and relaxing of specific muscles in sequence, forms the cornerstone for many relaxation procedures. A. progressive relaxation
D. Come prepared with a good game plan to better cope with stress. E. Speed up your body to better cope with stress. - โโE T/F: Expecting to beat a tough opponent or successfully perform a difficult skill can produce exceptional performance as psychological barriers are overcome. A. False B. True - โโB Sources of sport confidence include: A. Acievement B. Self-regulation C. Social Climate D. All of the above - โโD Which of the following is NOT a benefit of self-confidence as discussed in the textbook? A. Confidence arouses positive emotions B. Confidence increases effort C. Confidence makes one physically stronger D. Confidence affects psychological momentum - โโC According to the textbook, ________ is the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior. A. Self-confidence B. Self-efficacy C. Self-compassion D. Self-regulation - โโA When Roger Bannister broke the 4-minute mile barrier, he overcame a negative _______________ that claimed it was physically impossible to run a mile that fast. A. expected performance
B. self-confidence expectation C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. psychological rumor - โโC The mental health problems that have received the most attention in the United States are A. depression and anxiety B. depression and eating disorders C. anxiety and eating disorders D. eating disorders and stress - โโA What estimate is given for the number of Americans experiencing depression at any given time according to Strohle, 2009? A. 1 in 3 B. 1 in 4 C. 1 in 10 D. 1 in 100 - โโB Exercise has NOT been shown to INCREASE which of the following markers of psychological well being: A. emotional stability B. depression C. work efficiency D. memory - โโB Which personality style/trait has been shown to work in combination with exercise to reduce some of the negative effects of stress? A. perfectionism B. hardiness C. resilience D. none of the above - โโB
Morgan, a collegiate lacrosse player, sustained a concussion when she ran into an opposing player during an important qualifying match. Morgan says that she was "so focused" on chasing down the ball, and did not see how close she was to the other player before they collided. Which explanation for injury best applies to Morgan's case? A. "If you're injured, you're worthless" B. "Act tough and give 100%" C. Increased muscle tension D. Attentional disruption - โโD You are a certified athletic trainer for a high school football team. A player on the team, named Kyle, recently broke his femur and will be out for the rest of the season. Which of the following would be an appropriate guideline for you to follow when helping Kyle in his injury recovery process? A. Be extremely optimistic with Kyle, reassuring him of a quick recovery. B. Give Kyle a detailed outline of what his recovery process will look like. C. Encourage Kyle to return to play before his injury is healed, if he is feeling better. D. Discourage social support for Kyle, in order for him to focus on recovery. - โโB Which of the following is NOT a characteristic/dimension of burnout? A. Feelings of low personal accomplishment B. Increases in sport-related training C. Exhaustion, both physically and mentally D. Devaluation of sport - โโB Jenny is a D1 ice hockey player. Lately she hasn't been feeling like herself. She is performing poorly and has lost a significant amount of weight. She is having trouble concentrating and is struggling with a lot of muscle soreness and other injuries. From these symptoms, Jenny is most likely experiencing: A. Overtraining syndrome B. Mental toughness C. Fatigue D. Periodized training - โโA
Which of the following are considered treatment or prevention strategies for athlete burnout? A. Scheduled breaks from sport B. Maintaining a positive outlook C. Staying in good physical condition D. Enhancing communication skills E. All of the above - โโE Sport-related burnout is only experienced in athletes. True or false? A. Always True B. False. Even coaches or officials, have been found to experience burnout. - โโB You are a high school tennis coach and you have become cognizant of burnout in your athletes. To ensure that your athletes do not experience burnout, you decide to enhance their management of post- competition emotions. You can do this by: A. talking to all team members, even those who did not play B. providing an unemotional, realistic assessment of each athletes' performance C. discouraging gloating following victories and depression following losses D. all of the above - โโD The primary goal of _____ aggression is to inflict injury or psychological harm on someone else whereas the primary goal of _____ aggression is to achieve a goal. A. hostile; instrumental B. hostile; acceptable C. bad; good D. instrumental; aggressive - โโA Chuck, a youth soccer player, has a tendency to get in fights with players on other teams during games. You find out that Chuck and his dad love watching UFC on television and that Chuck idolizes the fighters. What theory best explains Chuck's aggression in soccer? A. Behaviorism
