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Exams 1,2 & Final BUNDLE: NU664B/ NU 664B (NEW 2025/ 2026 Update) Review| 100% Correct- Regis
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whatl isl thel maxl effectivel dosel ofl HCTZ? Answer: 25 l mgl daily
ACEl drugs Answer:
sidel effectsl ofl ACE-Il andl howl tol manage Answer: 1.l angioedemal - l morel commonl inl blacks,l ifl thisl happens,l drugl shouldl bel stopped.l patientl shouldl alsol NOTl tryl ARB 2.l coughl - l morel commonl inl blacksl andl women,l canl switchl tol anl ARBl
3.l hyperkalemia 4.l renall insufficiencyl - l checkl baselinel creatininel beforel starting) 5.l hypotensionl - l restartl atl halfl dose
ARBl drugs Answer:
calciuml channell blockers Answer: agentsl thatl inhibitl thel entryl ofl calciuml ionsl intol heartl musclel cells,l causingl al slowingl ofl thel heartl rate,l al lesseningl ofl thel demandl forl oxygenl andl nutrients,l andl al relaxingl ofl thel smoothl musclel cellsl ofl thel bloodl vesselsl tol causel dilation;l usedl tol preventl orl treatl anginal pectoris,l somel arrhythmias,l andl hypertension
bestl cardiacl medl forl anl elderlyl person? Answer:
needl tol thinkl aboutl ratel controll =l betal blockersl orl nondihydropyridinel CCBSl (verapamil)
whatl isl thel mostl commonl contraindicationl ofl betal blockers? Answer: concernl forl BRONCHOSPASM
whatl medsl shouldl NOTl bel usedl forl patient'sl withl al heartl block? Answer: betal blockersl or nondihydropyridinel CCBSl *l canl exacerbatel sympsl inl patientsl withl decompensatedl HFl (whenl thel heartl isl purposefullyl speedl up)
thresholdl forl SABAl usagel inl controll asthma Answer: nol morel thanl 2 - 3 l timesl weeklyl whenl NOTl sick
cromolynl sodium Answer: mastl celll inhibitor
Duol Nebl vsl albuterol Answer:
Answer: forcedl expiratoryl volumel inl 1 l second
Answer: Standsl forl forcedl vitall capacity;l amountl youl canl blowl outl afterl largestl breathl in
FEV1/FVCl ratio Answer: diagnosisl ofl COPDl shouldl bel <70%
Answer: cloudingl ofl thel lens,l doesn'tl allowl lightl tol passl through graduall loss causedl by:
retinall detachment Answer: twol layersl ofl thel retinal separatel froml eachl other thisl isl sightl threatening *l NOl PAINl ASSOCIATED
macularl degeneration Answer: progressivel damagel tol thel maculal ofl thel retina
pterygium Answer: triangularl opaquel tissuel onl thel nasall sidel ofl thel conjunctival thatl growsl towardl thel centerl ofl thel cornea "surferl eye" doesl notl affectl vision,l justl visible
Virall conjunctivitis Answer: usuallyl concurrentl withl al URI stringy,l clearl dischargel froml eye,l willl usuallyl havel thel grittyl sensation typicallyl bilateral willl oftenl wakel upl withl crustyl dischargel tol eyes,l doesl resolvel throughoutl thel day
maxl dailyl dosel ofl amoxicillinl inl children Answer: 3 l gramsl /l dayl =l MAX shouldl dosel atl 90mg/kgl /l dayl inl TWOl doses
OMl inl adults Answer: samel sympsl andl treatmentl asl children
otitisl externa Answer: severel earl pain,l purulentl discahrge,l hearingl lossl andl sometimesl fever PEl findings:
weberl test Answer: Conductivel hearingl loss:l soundl lateralizesl tol affectedl (bad)l ear Sensorineural:l soundl lateralizesl tol unaffectedl (good)l ear
Rinnel test Answer: hearingl testl usingl al tuningl fork;l checksl forl differencesl inl bonel conductionl andl airl conduction conductivel hearingl lossl BCl >l AC Sensorineurall =l rinnel isl normall (ACl >l BC)
causesl ofl sensorineurall hearingl loss Answer: age drugl induced:l genamycin,l lasix,l ASA
Acutel Rhinosinusitisl (ARS)l - l GUIDLINESl FORl BACTERIALl TX Answer: 1.l 10(+)l daysl ofl sympsl withoutl improvement 2.l severel sympsl (l 102 l fever,l purulentl nasall discharge,l faciall pain)l forl 3 - 4 l daysl atl beginningl ofl illness 3.l doublel sickening:l newl onsetl ofl worseningl sympsl (fever,l headaches,l increasedl nasall discharge)l followingl 5 - 6 l daysl ofl virall URIl symps
Answer: Beclomethasonel (QVAR) Budesonidel (Pulmicort) Fluticasonel (Flovent)
Leukotrienel Receptorl Antagonists Answer: Montelukastl (singular)l - l takel inl evening Zafirlukastl *usedl forl asthmal andl preventionl ofl exercisel inducedl decreasel affectl ofl leukotrienesl (thesel arel inflammatoryl chemicalsl thatl arel releasedl inl responsel tol anl allergy) -->l thisl reducesl airwayl inflammationl andl bronchoconstrictionl thinkl lukastl =l leukotrienes
antitussives Answer: relievel orl suppressl coughingl byl blockingl thel coughl reflexl inl thel medullal ofl thel brain benzonatatel -->l anestheticl effectl onl vagall nervel receptorsl inl thel airway
l - l sidel effectsl =l sedation,l constipation,l GIl upset codeinel -->l thisl isl anl opioidl med dextromethorphanl (Delsym)l -->l suppressesl coughl reflexl inl thel medulla
PEl findingsl forl COPD Answer:
whatl isl thel goldl standardl forl COPDl diagnosis? Answer: spirometry includes:l FVCl - l amountl ofl airl expelledl afterl largestl possiblel inhalation FEC1l - l volumel ofl airl expiredl inl 1stl secondl (1l sec)l afterl maxl inspirationl note:l COPDl =l FEV1/FCVl ratiol ofl 70%l orl LESS
GOLDl standardl COPDl Stagel 1 Answer: mild,l FEV1l >l 80%
Chestl X-rayl tol r/ol pneumonia EKG *typicallyl NOTl sputuml culturel inl outpatientl setting
medicationl forl mildl COPDl (Goldl stagel 1) Answer: patientl isl notl veryl symptomatic,l typicallyl breathlessl withl strenuousl exercisel SABAl (Albuterol) SAMAl (ipratropium/l Atrovent) ORl Combol SABAl +l SAMAl (Combivent)l ifl needed
Medicationl forl moderatel COPDl (Goldl Stagel 2) Answer: patientl isl morel symptomatic:l hasl tol walkl morel slowly,l hasl tol stopl walkingl andl catchl breath 1.l regularl treatmentl withl al longl terml bronchodilator,l eitherl LABAl (salemeterol,l indacaterol)l orl LAMAl (tiotropiuml bromide) 2.l SABAl forl symptoml reliefl (endl inl - ol)
whatl isl symbicort Answer: budesonide/formoterol (COMBOl OFl ICSl andl LABA)
Asthmal management Answer: 1stl - l SABAl -->l albuteroll 2ndl - l ICSl -->l QVAR,l Flovent 3rdl - l LABAl -->l fotmoterol,l ect 4thl - l LAMAl -->l "bromide" *combinel ICSl andl LABAl (advair,l symbicort)
Answer: 1stl SABA 2ndl LAMA 3rdl LABA 4thl ICS COPDl youl seel LAMA/LABAl combo
orall steroidsl forl COPDl exacerbation Answer: prednisonel 40 - 60mgl /l day
tacticlel fremitus:l whatl causesl increasel andl decrease
Answer: leftl axilla
Whichl murmursl arel mostl commonlyl benign...sytolic/diastolic? Answer: systolic
mitrall stenosis Answer: calcifiedl mitrall valvel impedesl forwardl flowl ofl bloodl intol leftl ventriclel duringl DIASTOLE
whatl isl al commonl causel ofl mitrall stenosis? Answer: rheumaticl heartl diseasel (multiplel boutsl ofl RF)
whatl canl causel mitrall regurgitation? Answer: Mitrall valvel prolapse MIl damage Rheumaticl feverl (early) endocarditis Leftl ventricularl hypertrophy
aorticl regurgitation Answer: (aorticl insufficiency)l incompetentl aorticl valvel thatl allowsl backwardl flowl ofl bloodl intol leftl ventriclel duringl DIASTOLE heardl 2ndl intercostall spacel Rl sternall border highl pitchedl andl BLOWINGl - l typicallyl decrescendol sound
mitrall valvel prolapse Answer: improperl closurel ofl thel mitrall valve *S2l clickl followedl byl systolicl murmur loudl andl musicall sounding
whenl willl youl hearl mitrall valvel prolapse? Answer: inl Leftl laterall recumbentl atl apex willl hearl al systolicl click symptomsl =l palpitations,l chestl pain,l dyspnea oftenl asymptomatic
continuousl murmurs Answer: