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Exam Study Guide - History of Ethics | PHIL 109, Study notes of Ethics

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Trawick; Class: History of Ethics; Subject: Philosophy; University: Saint Thomas Aquinas College; Term: Spring 2010;

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 05/08/2010

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I. Aristotle’s Life & Work
II. Division of Science
a. Poeisis
b. Praxis
c. Theoria
III. Levels of Knowledge
IV. Metaphysics
V. Modes of Being
a. Analogical Nature of Being
b. Four Modes
i. Per Se/ Per Accidens
ii. Categories
iii. Truth & Falsity
iv. Potential & Actual
Aristotle lived in Macedonia [now part of Greece]
- Taught Alexander [becomes Alexander the Great]
- Obsessive listmaker and categorizer
Division of science
- Poeisis means production, making things
oCreation, the making of something
- Praxis- the goal is the action itself
oPolitics, acting wisely, ethics
- Theoria- highest level of human activity
oTHOUGHT
- Logic allows us to make decisions based on reason
Levels of Knowledge
- All men want, naturally, to know
- Senses are the lowest level of knowledge- gets data
- Empeiria- experience- collates data from senses
oCan’t be taught, builds on data
- Tekhne- technique- art [as in skill]
oAcquired skills
oNeeds senses and experience
- Sophia- wisdom
oHighest level of knowledge, beyond human reaches
Metaphysics is about 3 inter-related things
- Entities [things/ objects]
oNatural objects [plants, animals, people, rocks]
Something that contains, within itself, the principle of motion [change]
Natural objects change
oMathematic relations/ object
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I. Aristotle’s Life & Work II. Division of Science a. Poeisis b. Praxis c. Theoria III. Levels of Knowledge IV. Metaphysics V. Modes of Being a. Analogical Nature of Being b. Four Modes i. Per Se/ Per Accidens ii. Categories iii. Truth & Falsity iv. Potential & Actual Aristotle lived in Macedonia [now part of Greece]

  • Taught Alexander [becomes Alexander the Great]
  • Obsessive listmaker and categorizer Division of science
  • Poeisis means production, making things o Creation, the making of something
  • Praxis- the goal is the action itself o Politics, acting wisely, ethics
  • Theoria- highest level of human activity o THOUGHT
  • Logic allows us to make decisions based on reason Levels of Knowledge
  • All men want, naturally, to know
  • Senses are the lowest level of knowledge- gets data
  • Empeiria- experience- collates data from senses o Can’t be taught, builds on data
  • Tekhne- technique- art [as in skill] o Acquired skills o Needs senses and experience
  • Sophia- wisdom o Highest level of knowledge, beyond human reaches Metaphysics is about 3 inter-related things
  • Entities [things/ objects] o Natural objects [plants, animals, people, rocks]  Something that contains, within itself, the principle of motion [change]  Natural objects change o Mathematic relations/ object

 never change, but they exist only in the mind

  • God- perfection, self-sufficient, knows all (has sophia) o The possibility of a real entity that never changes
  • Substance [Sub- below/ underneath, stantia- standing] o Below the framework o Why things exist In metaphysics everything has a reason for existing. It tries to understand why everything is here.
  • We need to learn how to observe things Modes of Being
  • Univocal- one word, one meaning [Philip’s head screwdriver]
  • Ambiguous- one word with different possible meanings [foot- body part or unit of measure]
  • Analogical- one word with different but related meanings [healthy- body, appetite, mind]
  • Wants us to describe things accurately Four Modes
  • Per se/ Per Accidens o Essence v. accident
  • Categories o Various questions we can ask to describe something o Substance, quality, quantity, relation, place, time, position, activity, passivity o Truth & Falsity  An object is true when it presents itself as what it actually is  An object is false when it tries to present itself as something it is not o Potential & Actual  An acorn has the potential to become a tree but ONLY an oak tree  The goal of ethics is to realize your potential