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Test 2
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Question 1 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following statements about our evolutionary relationships with other species is true? a) In^ order^ to^ make^ apes^ a^ monophyletic^ group,^ humans^ must^ be^ included^ as^ apes. b) We^ could^ not^ have^ evolved^ from^ monkeys^ because^ monkeys^ still^ exist. c) Monkeys^ and^ apes^ are^ more^ closely^ related^ to^ each^ other^ than^ either^ are^ to^ humans. d) Humans^ do^ not^ share^ homologous^ traits^ with^ apes. e) Humans^ do^ not^ evolve,^ therefore^ it^ does^ not^ make^ sense^ to^ talk^ about^ our^ evolutionary^ relationships with other species. Question 2 Your answer is CORRECT. Migration among the ancestors of modern humans occurred in which of the following ways: a) Two^ major^ migration^ events^ moved^ Homo^ species^ out^ of^ Africa,^ one^ prior^ to^ evolution^ of^ Homo sapiens and one after. b) All^ Homo^ species^ evolved^ in^ Africa,^ then^ each^ independently^ migrated^ to^ various^ parts^ of^ the^ world. c) Homo^ erectus^ migrated^ out^ of^ Africa,^ then^ Homo^ heidelbergensis^ returned^ back^ to^ Africa,^ where^ they gave rise to Homo sapiens. d) Homo erectus migrated from Eurasia into Africa where Homo sapiens subsequently evolved. e) Lucy migrated into the sky with diamonds before returning to Ethiopia, where she was buried and fossilized. Question 3 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following groups of modern humans have the least amount of DNA inherited from Neanderthals? a) Australians
b) Africans c) Native^ Americans d) Europeans e) Asians Question 4 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following statements is true of hominin fossils? a) It is unlikely that any new fossils that will be discovered in the future will change how we understand human evolution. b) Most^ hominin^ fossils^ have^ already^ been^ discovered^ and^ analyzed. c) New^ fossils^ have^ been^ discovered^ recently^ that^ change^ our^ understanding^ of^ human^ evolution. d) There^ are^ no^ hominin^ fossils^ because^ humans^ evolved^ so^ quickly^ from^ our^ ancestors^ shared^ with chimps that there was little time for the deposition of fossils. e) There^ are^ no^ hominin^ fossils^ because^ humans^ did^ not^ evolve. Question 5 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following statements about linkage disequilibrium are true? a) Linkage disequilibrium always reduces fitness. b) Linkage disequilibrium always increases fitness. c) Frequency dependent selection produces feedback oscillations in the sign of D, the disequilibrium coefficient. d) Linkage^ disequilibrium^ can^ be^ caused^ by^ epistasis^ for^ fitness. e) None^ of^ the^ above^ are^ true. Question 6 Your answer is INCORRECT. In a population the allele frequencies at two loci do not match the predicted haplotype frequencies. Which of the options below is a likely explanation for this? a) Unfit^ haplotypes^ are^ recreated^ by^ recombination^ with^ sex.
b) Epistasis^ for^ fitness^ builds^ linkage^ disequilibrium^ among^ loci. c) Epistasis^ between^ Locus^1 and^ Locus^4 keeps^ allelic^ diversity^ high^ at^ these^ loci. d) Disruptive^ selection^ favors^ Locus^1 and^ Locus^4. e) None^ of^ the^ above^ is^ likely^ to^ be^ true. Question 9 Your answer is CORRECT. Genome dilution a) results from increased recombination under directional selection. b) decreases^ the^ genetic^ representation^ of^ a^ sexual^ female^ in^ her^ descendants^ with^ each^ subsequent generation from children to grandchildren to great grandchildren, etc. c) is^ more^ important^ in^ asexuals^ because^ they^ have^ higher^ population^ growth^ rates^ than^ sexuals,^ and^ thus represent a smaller proportion of the population. d) disproportionally^ favors^ the^ evolution^ and^ maintenance^ of^ males. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 10 Your answer is CORRECT. Muller's Ratchet a) is facilitated by drift in large, sexual populations. b) does not function in large asexual populations because they can purge deleterious mutations. c) does not function in small asexual populations because they can purge deleterious mutations. d) does not function in sexual populations of any size because they can purge deleterious mutations. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 11 Your answer is CORRECT. From the list below, pick the most important advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction more rapidly than asexual reproduction. a) Sexual^ reproduction^ enables^ the^ creation^ of^ fit^ genotypes^ from^ existing^ genetic^ variation^ in^ a population.
b) Sexual^ reproduction^ produces^ genome^ dilution^ that^ enhances^ male^ fitness. c) Sexual^ reproduction^ repairs^ linkage^ disequilibrium. d) Sexual^ reproduction^ generates^ higher^ mean^ fitness^ in^ offspring. e) None^ of^ the^ above^ are^ true^ advantages^ of^ sexual^ reproduction. Question 12 Your answer is INCORRECT. Sexual selection can favor the evolution of elaborate traits that natural selection acts against. How does sexual selection produce such extreme trait values in the face of opposing natural selection? a) Strong^ epistasis^ among^ loci^ involved^ in^ sexual^ selection^ prevents^ their^ ability^ to^ respond^ to^ strong natural selection. b) Sexual^ selection^ can^ only^ produce^ elaborate^ traits^ when^ they^ are^ also^ favored^ by^ natural^ selection. c) Sexually^ selected^ traits^ generally^ have^ higher^ heritabilities^ than^ other^ traits,^ and^ thus^ sexuall^ selected traits respond more readily to selection than do other traits. d) Linkage disequilibrium at alleles controlling the sexually selected trait and fitness bind them together evolutionarily. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 13 Your answer is INCORRECT. Sexual selection often favors different mating tactics for each sex. In general : a) sexual selection should favor the evolution of cooperative breeding. b) the sex that has more opportunities to mate is subject to strong sexual selection. c) alterative mating tactics persist evolutionarily because they offer superior fitness for the most competitive phentoypes. d) this^ can^ result^ in^ attempts^ of^ one^ sex^ to^ control^ mating^ opportunities^ of^ the^ other^ sex. e) alterative^ mating^ tactics^ persist^ evolutionarily^ in^ systems^ where^ there^ are^ low^ environmental^ effects^ on sexually selected phenotypes. Question 14 Your answer is CORRECT. The figure below shows the relationship between body size and fitness for two different mating tactics for a lizard that experiences strong environmental effects on body size. Typically, females guard their own eggs in
Your answer is CORRECT. Interactive genetic variance can be converted to additive genetic variance when: a) the^ environmental^ effects^ in^ a^ population^ trend^ toward^ zero. b) multilocus^ selection^ favors^ epistasis^ for^ fitness. c) the^ genetic^ background^ becomes^ uniform^ in^ a^ population. d) environmental^ effects^ [Ve]^ change^ across^ environments. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 17 Your answer is INCORRECT. Heritability : a) estimates^ are^ not^ accurate^ when^ there^ is^ epistasis^ for^ fitness. b) cannot^ be^ estimated^ when^ there^ is^ no^ response^ to^ selection. c) can^ change^ if^ the^ phenotypic^ variance^ changes. d) estimates^ are^ valid^ for^ the^ same^ trait^ across^ environments^ and^ time. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 18 Your answer is CORRECT. The resemblance between parents and offspring is not perfect because :
a) investigators^ cannot^ measure^ traits^ accurately^ between^ parental^ and^ offspring^ generations. b) negative^ frequency^ dependent^ selection^ favors^ different^ phenotypes^ between^ generations. c) additive^ genetic^ variation^ is^ subject^ to^ natural^ selection. d) of^ environmental^ effects^ or^ independent^ inheritance^ of^ epistatically^ interacting^ alleles. e) None^ of^ the^ above. Question 19 Your answer is CORRECT. Based on the figure below, which of the following do you know to be true? a) Given the same selection differential, mass should exhibit a stronger evolutionary response than height. b) Both^ height^ and^ mass^ experience^ positive^ directional^ selection. c) The^ environmental^ variance^ for^ mass^ is^ lower^ than^ that^ for^ height. d) Mass^ experiences^ stronger^ selection^ than^ height.
Bright colors and conspicuous behaviors are more effective as warning signals when common and when shared among many toxic animals. This is believed to be because selection favors the use of the same warning signals among species. Such shared patterns among toxic model species invites the evolution of mimics, which are not toxic but have appearances and behaviors similar to the toxic model species. Given this, which of the following are true? a) Models^ experience^ positive^ frequency^ dependent^ selection. b) Mimics experience positive frequency dependent selection. c) Models experience negative frequency dependent selection. d) Mimics experience negative frequency dependent selection. e) A and D only f) B^ and^ C^ only g) none^ of^ the^ above Question 22 Your answer is CORRECT. Based on the figure below and assuming high trait heritability, what do you predict will happen to the mean and variance of the frequency distribution of phenotypes in The population?
a) no change in mean, decrease in variance b) no^ change^ in^ mean,^ no^ change^ in^ variance c) decrease^ in^ mean,^ decrease^ in^ variance d) increase^ in^ mean,^ decrease^ in^ variance e) no^ change^ in^ mean,^ increase^ in^ variance f) none^ of^ the^ above Question 23 Your answer is CORRECT. Which of the following are true statements? a) Linkage disequilibrium occurs only when loci are on the same chromosome. b) Heritability can be estimated from the selection differential and the response to selection. c) The paradox of sex addresses why males cause genome dilution. d) The^ cost^ of^ males^ results^ primarily^ from^ intrasexual^ selection. e) All^ of^ the^ above^ are^ true^ statements. Question 24
a) Selection^ is^ stronger^ in^ Population^1 than^ in^ Population^2. b) Selection^ is^ weaker^ in^ Population^1 than^ in^ Population^2. c) Given^ the^ same^ selection^ differential,^ Population^1 should^ show^ a^ greater^ response^ to^ selection^ than Population 2. d) Given^ the^ same^ selection^ differential,^ Population^1 should^ show^ a^ weaker^ response^ to^ selection^ than Population 2. e) Population 1 has a greater average fitness than Population 2.
