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civil rights
obligation imposed on gov. to take positive action to protect citizens from illegal action and from other citizens' harm. TERM 2
equal protection clause
DEFINITION 2 guarantees citizens equal protection of all laws. Based from african americans, women, and other minorities TERM 3
Jim crow laws
DEFINITION 3 enacted by the south, legalizing discrimination toward african americans TERM 4
separate but equal
DEFINITION 4 doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated but still equal. TERM 5
Brown vs. Board of
Edu.
DEFINITION 5 eliminated the "separated but equal" rule, and also eliminated the state's ability to use race as a discrimination in law and provided the nat. gov to intervene with strict measures if need be.
strict scrutiny
test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties, which places the burden of proof on the gov, instead of the challengers. TERM 7
je dure
DEFINITION 7 "by law". legally enforced practices such as segregated school in the south before 1960 TERM 8
de facto
DEFINITION 8 "by fact". practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in the US today. TERM 9
gerrymandering
DEFINITION 9 apportionment of voters in districts in such ways as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party. TERM 10
intermediate scrutiny
DEFINITION 10 test used buy supreme court in gender discrimination cases, which places the burden partially on the gov, and partially on the challenger.
equality of opportunity
widely shared american belief that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents they have to reach thier fullest potential TERM 17
political socialization
DEFINITION 17 the introduction of individuals into the political culture. learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based TERM 18
agencies of socialization
DEFINITION 18 social institutions including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values. TERM 19
gender gap
DEFINITION 19 a behavioral voting pattern reflecting the the differences between men and women. TERM 20
liberal
DEFINITION 20 those who support social and political reform; extensive governmental intervention in the economy, the expansion of fed social services, and more benefits on behalf of the poor.
conservative
those who support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. TERM 22
equal time rule
DEFINITION 22 this requires the broadcasyters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their message to the public. TERM 23
right of
rebuttal
DEFINITION 23 Fed Commerce Commission giving individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a radio/ television broadcast. TERM 24
fairness doctrine
DEFINITION 24 A fed. communications Commission requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views. TERM 25
agenda
setting
DEFINITION 25 the power of the media to bring the public attention to particular issues and problems.
