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George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory in Psychology, Quizzes of Personality Psychology

College of Charleston (CofC)Personality Psychology

An overview of george kelly's contributions to psychology, specifically his development of personal construct theory. The theory emphasizes the role of perception and interpretation in shaping our understanding of events and experiences. Key concepts include constructs, core constructs, and the rep (repertory grid) test. The document also covers applications of the theory to shyness and optimism.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 11/14/2010

kedoerr
kedoerr 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
What type of psychology did George Kelly
study?
DEFINITION 1
- The Cognitive Perspective
TERM 2
What is some background information on
George Kelly?
DEFINITION 2
- He operated a traveling psychological clinic in Kansas -
Teachers referred public school students - Kelly's
interpretations often differed from the teachers
interpretations
TERM 3
Our learning histories.....
DEFINITION 3
- Shape how we interpret / construct / contrue events
TERM 4
There is no objective, absolute truth. True or
false?
DEFINITION 4
- True - There are always alternative constructions to be
made
TERM 5
Kelly always viewed the person as a
_____?
DEFINITION 5
- Scientist
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What type of psychology did George Kelly

study?

  • The Cognitive Perspective TERM 2

What is some background information on

George Kelly?

DEFINITION 2

  • He operated a traveling psychological clinic in Kansas - Teachers referred public school students - Kelly's interpretations often differed from the teachers interpretations TERM 3

Our learning histories.....

DEFINITION 3

  • Shape how we interpret / construct / contrue events TERM 4

There is no objective, absolute truth. True or

false?

DEFINITION 4

  • True - There are always alternative constructions to be made TERM 5

Kelly always viewed the person as a

_____?

DEFINITION 5

  • Scientist

Kelly's thinking was strongly influenced by

_____?

  • Constructive Alternativism TERM 7

Kelly's perspective is known as the

_____?

DEFINITION 7

  • Personal Construct Theory - It was inspired by his work with cloents in therapy TERM 8

What is a construct?

DEFINITION 8

  • It is a way of perceiving / interpreting / construing events - Example - good - bad ; kind - cruel TERM 9

How do constructs

develop?

DEFINITION 9

  • We observe at least 2 events, or htings, that are similar to each other, but are different from a third - Constructs have a similarity pole and a contrast pole - Example - tall versus short people - All constructs consist of opposite pairs (a similarity - contrast comparison) TERM 10

What is an example of a Core Construct?

DEFINITION 10

  • Guilty - Innocent

What is the Role Construct Repertory Test

(the REP test)?

  1. Develop a Role Title List (Ex - mother, father, best friend)
  2. Client completes the Role TItle List (personalized) 3) Usually about 20 - 30 roles 4) Client is asked to consider Triads from the Role Title List (20-30 in total) - A construct is generated in response to each Triad - Repeated constructs are of particular interest TERM 17

What are some concerns about the REP Test?

DEFINITION 17

  • Does the Role Title List contain people of importance to the client? - Is the client really verbalizing Core Constructs? - What about Social Desirability effects? TERM 18

What is the Self - Characterization Sketch?

DEFINITION 18

  • The therapist examines for themes - For views of oneself, others, and the world TERM 19

What is Fixed Role Therapy?

DEFINITION 19

  1. Client writes a self - characterizations sketch 2) Therapist then writes an alternative role for the client 3) Client asked to explore the alternative role for a 2 week period - Adopt the new role - Become the new person TERM 20

What are the 4 Key Personality Traits?

DEFINITION 20

  1. Shyness 2) Hostility 3) Optimism 4) Sense of Coherence

What is Shyness?

  • Inhibition of normally expected social behavior - Less verbal and non-verbal social behavior - Social performance concerns - Escape / Avoidance behavior is common TERM 22

What are the 2 major types of shyness?

DEFINITION 22

  1. Anxious Shyness 2) Self - Conscious Shyness TERM 23

What is Anxious Shyness?

DEFINITION 23

  • Greated heritability - Fairly stable in early childhood (~2- years) - For some, anxious shyness increases in adolescence ( new roles and responsibilities) - In adulthood, anxiously shy men have more difficulties (Ex - later in marrying; longer to attain career goals) TERM 24

What is the Major Cause of Anxious Shyness?

DEFINITION 24

  • Fear of negative evaluation - Heightened when unfamiliar others are doing the evaluating - The "fear" leads to anxiety and social inhibition - Anxiety and social inhibition are further heightened in NOVEL social situations TERM 25

What is Self - Conscious Shyness?

DEFINITION 25

  • Extreme awareness of onself as a social object - As a result, they are easily embarrased in social situations - When embarrased, we are experienceing self - conscious shyness - Children don't experience embarrassment until around 3-5 years of age 1) Must understand whats appropriate or inappropriate 2) Understand that others are using their actions to judge them

What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

  • Psychological factors influence behavioral factors - Mind / Body connection - With more major depressive episodes - the person is more likely to have another one TERM 32

Socially inhibited, shy children.....

DEFINITION 32

  • Have higher levels of morning cortisol than unhibited (non- shy) children (Kagan and Colleagues) - Shy children may be more stressed TERM 33

Hypersecretion of Cortisol is......

DEFINITION 33

  • Associated with compromised immune system functioning - Less effectiveness of lymphocytes TERM 34

Shy children may be more vulnerable to____

DEFINITION 34

  • Illness TERM 35

Chung and Evans did a study in 2000 that

studied.....

DEFINITION 35

  • 16 shy and non-shy childredn (7 years of age on average) - Parents completed daily diaries of children's symptoms for 28 consecutive days - Shy children experienced twice as many days of unwellness as non-shy children - Averaging 4.69 vs 2.31 days - Shy kids made more affective complaints (Ex - sadness, irritability, insomnia) - Shy kids had more complaints of gastrointestinal upset
  • Interestingly, non-shy kids had more complaints of headaches

What was the study by Orr and Colleagues in

  • Shyness and Social Networking - Shyness and Facebook - Studied 103 undergraduates (87 women, 16 men) - Examined shyness and the amount of time spent on facebook and the amount of friends online - Greater shyness = fewer friends - Greater shyness = more time on facebook - Greater shyness = more positive attitude towards facebook TERM 37

What is Optimism?

DEFINITION 37

  • The generalized expectation, or belief, that good things will generally occur in one's life - Schier and Carver, 1985 - Relatively stable across time and context - Optimism scores correlate with greater internal LOC, greater self-esteem, greated subjective well-being during times of stress and lower depression TERM 38

What are some interesting findings

concerning optimism?

DEFINITION 38

  • Optimistic pregnant women were less likely to become depressed following childbirth (Carver and Gaines, 1987) - Among entering college freshman, greater optimism predicted lower emotional distress 3 months later (Aspinwall and Taylor) - In men undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, optimists were less likely to suffer heart attacks during surgery (Schier et al., 1989) TERM 39

What is the Binomial Effect Size Display

(BESD)?

DEFINITION 39

  • .50 + r/2 = .585 = 58.5% - .50 - r/2 = .415 = 41.5% TERM 40

Generally speaking, optimism has.....

DEFINITION 40

  • Stress Buffering Effects - In adolescents and adults, optimism has been shown to foster reilience after traumatic events

What is Cynical Hostility?

  • Cynical attitudes - Mistrust of others - Resentments - Heightened vigilance to the social environment - Easily angered - Tendency to respond aggressively TERM 47

Cynical Hostility predicts the

DEFINITION 47

  • Incidence and severity of coronary artery disease (cardiovascular illness) - Mortality due to all causes (and in some studies, cancer-specific mortality) - Associated with lower levels of social support TERM 48

What is the Psychophysiological Model?

DEFINITION 48

  • CH people show larger increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and stress-related hormones in response to real (and potential) stressors - Heightened cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity - Increased disease risk TERM 49

What is the Psychosocial Vulnerability Model?

DEFINITION 49

  • CH individuals experience mroe taxing or stressful interpersonal environments - Less support, more interpersonal conflict, mor edaily hassles, more negative life events - Such a "psychosocial profile" increases disease risk TERM 50

What are some negative health habits for CH?

DEFINITION 50

  • People may delay seeking medical treatment, or may fail to comply with prescribed treatment - Suspicious and mistrusting of others, including physicians

What was the study done by Larkin et al in

  • The fact that CH people show heightened social vigilance and mistrust of others mights affect their perceptions of emotions - They examined whether CH affected the detection and decoding of facial portrayals of others - Completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and Ekman's Pictures of Facial Affect (PFA) Test TERM 52

What is the PFA Test?

DEFINITION 52

  • 110 black and white slides of 8 females and 6 males showing 7 facial expressions of emotion (anger, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust, and neutral) TERM 53

What were the results of the Larkin study?

DEFINITION 53

  • CH individuals misperceived "disgust" as "anger" and "happiness" as "neutral" - The latter remained significant when controlling for gender - CH people tend to misperceive signals for both social avoidance (disgust) and approach (happiness) - The misperception of happiness is the strongest. A blunted perception is a positive affect - CH people may be limited in their emotional intelligence - The emotion-deficits may prevent them from developing supportive, and intimate relationships - Not perceiving positive emotions in others might lead one to pull back interpersonally, to not share emotions TERM 54

What does Pathogenesis mean?

DEFINITION 54

  • Pathos = illness ; disease - Genesis = creation ; origin - Pathogenesis = the creation, or origin, of disease - The Pathogenic Perspective has, historically, been the dominant force in psychology - "Psychopathology" TERM 55

What does Salutogenesis mean?

DEFINITION 55

  • Salutis = health - Genesis = creation ; origin - Salutogenesis = the creation, or origin, of health

What is Manageability?

  • Refers to the degree to which individuals feel that available resources are sufficient to adequately cope with the demands posed by internal and external stimuli TERM 62

What is Meaningfulness?

DEFINITION 62

  • Refers to the extent to which individuals feel that certain areas of life are worthy of time, effort, and personal involvement TERM 63

What are the Positive Correlations of Sense of

Coherence?

DEFINITION 63

  • Higher global Sense of Coherence are associated with greater psychological well-being - Greater life satisfaction - Greater positive affect - Greater optimism - Higher self- esteem - Better physical health - Greater immunocompetence TERM 64

What are the Negative Correlation of Sense of

Coherence?

DEFINITION 64

  • Higher global Sense of Coherence scores are associated with lower levels of perceived stress - Fewer physical symptoms of stress - Less negative affect (anxiety, depression) - Less loneliness - Less hostility - Lower levels of anger-in and anger expression TERM 65

Why is a high level of SOC associated with

greater psychological and physical well

being?

DEFINITION 65

  • According to Antonovsky (1987), SOC can be thought of as a "health-engendering personality trait that functions as a psychologically based stress-resistance resource" - Because individuals with high levels of SOC are resilient in the face of stress they are, to some extent, protected from ill health

What are the 3 facets of SOC?

  • Meaningfulness - Manageability - Comprehendibility TERM 67

Can people be multi-faceted?

DEFINITION 67

  • YES TERM 68

"Hardiness" is conceptually similar

to.....

DEFINITION 68

  • Sense of Coherence - Both are regarded as being personality based stress-resistance resources - Both are associated with stress resiliency TERM 69

What are the 3 components of Hardiness?

DEFINITION 69

  • Control - Commitment - Challenge