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Exam 3 Study Guide - General Psychology |, Study notes of Psychology

Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (SU)Psychology

Material Type: Notes; Class: Psychology; Subject: Psychology; University: Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/15/2009

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General Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide
•Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality- topographical model of the mind
•Conscious- thoughts, perceptions
•Preconscious- memories, stored knowledge
•Unconscious- fears, violent motives, selfish needs, immoral urges, unacceptable sexual
desires, irrational wishes, shameful experiences
•Id- primitive urges, biological needs; emotional part of mind; exists from birth; almost
entirely in unconscious; seeks pleasure and avoids pain
•Ego- deals with reality; develops 1-2 years of age; in all 3 levels of consciousness; helps
us make realistic and rational choice
•Superego- morality, ethics; develops 2-3 years of age; in all 3 levels of consciousness;
derived from parents and society
•Mechanisms of Defense- everyone uses them; using them too much is problematic
•Denial- refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality
•Repression- excluding uncomfortable thoughts from consciousness
•Projection- attributing our own unacceptable feelings and desires to other people
•Rationalization- creating a false reason to justify the occurrence of an unacceptable event
•Reaction Formation- expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of one's
repressed beliefs or feelings
•Displacement- redirecting an impulse from a real target to a substitute target
•Sublimation- transforming an unacceptable impulse into an expression of socially
acceptable behavior
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General Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide

  • Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality-^ topographical model of the mind
  • Conscious-^ thoughts, perceptions
  • Preconscious-^ memories, stored knowledge
  • Unconscious-^ fears, violent motives, selfish needs, immoral urges, unacceptable sexual desires, irrational wishes, shameful experiences
  • Id-^ primitive urges, biological needs; emotional part of mind; exists from birth; almost entirely in unconscious; seeks pleasure and avoids pain
  • Ego-^ deals with reality; develops 1-2 years of age; in all 3 levels of consciousness; helps us make realistic and rational choice
  • Superego-^ morality, ethics; develops 2-3 years of age; in all 3 levels of consciousness; derived from parents and society
  • Mechanisms of Defense-^ everyone uses them; using them too much is problematic
    • Denial-^ refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality
    • Repression-^ excluding uncomfortable thoughts from consciousness
    • Projection-^ attributing our own unacceptable feelings and desires to other people
    • Rationalization-^ creating a false reason to justify the occurrence of an unacceptable event
    • Reaction Formation-^ expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of one's repressed beliefs or feelings
    • Displacement-^ redirecting an impulse from a real target to a substitute target
    • Sublimation-^ transforming an unacceptable impulse into an expression of socially acceptable behavior
  • Concepts-^ category of objects or events grouped together due to common properties
  • Assimilation-^ place a new experience into an already existing concept
  • Accommodation-^ form a new concept to understand a new experience
  • Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development-^ examined how thought processes developed
    • Sensorimotor-^ 0-2 years; learning about and controlling one's body and the environment; no object permeance; no stranger anxiety
    • Preoperational-^ 2-6/7 years; have object permeance, develop stranger anxiety; do not understand concept of centration, transformation, and conservation; egocentrism
    • Concrete Operational-^ 7-12 years; more capable of logical observations; understand concept of conservation, transformation, and reversibility; understand relationship between time, speed, and distance
    • Formal Operational-^ 12 years-adulthood; abstract reasoning; hypothetical thinking; the progress is earlier and more continuous than Piaget initially suggested
  • Object Permanence-^ lack of awareness that things exist outside of immediate perception
  • Stranger Anxiety-^ do not cry if held by strangers
  • Centration-^ concentrating on one limited aspect of the stimulus and ignoring the others
  • Transformation-^ process in which one state is changed into another when it is outside of immediate perception
  • Conservation-^ as long as nothing is added or taken away, the mass of an object does not change even when it changes shape
  • Egocentrism-^ inability to perceive things from another person's perspective
  • Abstract Reasoning-^ thinking about concepts that are not directly experienced
  • Bipolar Disorder-^ alternating between mania and depression
    • Mania-^ hyperactive; overly optimistic, needs little sleep, little attention to others, sexually overactive, reckless spending
    • Depression-^ sadness, guilt, lack of energy, uninterested in others, inability to concentrate, no appetite, insomnia, thoughts of suicide
  • Major Depression-^ sadness, guilt, lack of energy, uninterested in others, inability to concentrate, no appetite, insomnia, thoughts of suicide
  • Schizophrenic Disorders-^ distortion of reality, disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions
  • Paranoid-^ delusions of grandeur, hallucination, jealousy, preoccupation of being targeted
  • Disorganized-^ disorganized speech or behavior, flat or inappropriate emotion
  • Catatonic-^ immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, parrot-like repeating of other's behavior/speech
  • Undifferentiated-^ Schizophrenic symptoms without fitting one of the above types
  • Residual-^ prior episodes but currently no symptoms
  • Personality Disorders-^ inflexible maladaptive ways of social interaction
  • Paranoid-^ feel persecuted, mistrust, fear of being exploited, losing control
  • Borderline-^ seek attention by exaggerating and engaging in shocking activity, excessively emotional
  • Anti-social-^ impulsive, manipulative, lack of empathy, lack of morality, blatant disregard for others
  • Avoidant-^ avoids social interaction, fear of rejection, cold and unresponsive
  • Psychoanalysis-^ gain insight into unconscious mind
    • Free Association-^ say out loud whatever comes to mind from moment to moment
    • Dream Analysis-^ explore symbolic representations of unconscious concerns/feelings/ desires in dreams
    • Transference-^ express feelings toward significant other to therapist
  • Humanistic Therapy
    • Client-centered Therapy-^ most common type of humanistic therapy; reconnect with actualizing tendency; therapist provides unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding
    • Unconditional Positive Regard-^ we are loved, accepted, and cared for regardless of who we are and what we do; safe environment to explore painful experiences
    • Empathic Understanding-^ showing that yo understand how the client feels
    • Actualizing Tendency-^ true feelings
  • Behavioral Therapy-^ changing problematic behaviors and symptoms using classical operant conditioning - Systematic Desensitization-^ gradually desensitizing an individual from a fear inducing stimulus - Token Economy-^ using tokens for rewards and punishments to change behavior - Aversive Conditioning-^ using punishment to stop problematic behavior
  • Cognitive Therapy-^ changing thought patterns that cause negative moods and behaviors into ones that cause positive moods and behaviors; detect maladaptive thought patterns; replace them with adaptive thought patterns