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Exam #3 Study Guide - General Psychology | PSYC 1013, Study notes of Psychology

Exam 3 Study Guide Material Type: Notes; Professor: Yatani; Class: General Psychology; Subject: PSYC: Psychology; University: SUNY College of Technology at Alfred; Term: Fall 2010;

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 12/06/2010

cwright1241
cwright1241 🇺🇸

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1) Homeostasis is the ability for a human or living object to adjust to its internal environment and
maintain a stable equilibrium. An example of homeostatic mechanisms can be found when the
water level of a human falls below a safe level. When this happens, a signal is sent to the
kidneys to reabsorb additional water from the urine, while another signal is sent to the brain
that leads the animal – human or otherwise – to see out and drink liquids.
2) Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the
subconscious mind. For example, a child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of
the events, but has trouble forming relationships.
3) Motive for affiliation is the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships.
Schachter proved this in his 1959 experiment in which he selected two small groups of females
to come into the laboratory. The first group was told that they would receive painful electric
shocks, while the second group was told that they would receive mild shocks that would feel
more like a tickle. Schachter then surveyed the women to observe which ones preferred to wait
in groups, or to wait individually. It was then noted that, as a result of high anxiety levels from
the thought of pain, 2/3 of females from the first group chose to wait in groups, while only 1/3
of females in the first group chose to wait in groups because their anxiety levels were not nearly
as high.
4) Three minds:
a. superego
i. conscious/pre-conscious/unconscious
ii. enforcement of morality
iii. moral principle
b. ego
i. “I”
ii. Reality principle
c. ID
i. unconscious
ii. sexual, pleasure-seeking
iii. pleasure principle
iv. life instinct/death instinct
5) Intrinsic Motivation – human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity or its
natural consequence
a. Extrinsic Motivation – human motives activated by external rewards.
i. These two types of motivation have a negative correlation; when one increases,
the other decreases.
ii. Doing an activity voluntarily – intrinsic, doing the same activity to receive money
– extrinsic.
6) Forgetting:
a. Decay theory – memories that are not used fade gradually over time.
b. Interference theory – too much information is stored and is fused together, becoming
confusing.
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  1. Homeostasis is the ability for a human or living object to adjust to its internal environment and maintain a stable equilibrium. An example of homeostatic mechanisms can be found when the water level of a human falls below a safe level. When this happens, a signal is sent to the kidneys to reabsorb additional water from the urine, while another signal is sent to the brain that leads the animal – human or otherwise – to see out and drink liquids.
  2. Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind. For example, a child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships.
  3. Motive for affiliation is the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships. Schachter proved this in his 1959 experiment in which he selected two small groups of females to come into the laboratory. The first group was told that they would receive painful electric shocks, while the second group was told that they would receive mild shocks that would feel more like a tickle. Schachter then surveyed the women to observe which ones preferred to wait in groups, or to wait individually. It was then noted that, as a result of high anxiety levels from the thought of pain, 2/3 of females from the first group chose to wait in groups, while only 1/ of females in the first group chose to wait in groups because their anxiety levels were not nearly as high.
  4. Three minds: a. superego i. conscious/pre-conscious/unconscious ii. enforcement of morality iii. moral principle b. ego i. “I” ii. Reality principle c. ID i. unconscious ii. sexual, pleasure-seeking iii. pleasure principle iv. life instinct/death instinct
  5. Intrinsic Motivation – human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity or its natural consequence a. Extrinsic Motivation – human motives activated by external rewards. i. These two types of motivation have a negative correlation; when one increases, the other decreases. ii. Doing an activity voluntarily – intrinsic, doing the same activity to receive money
  • extrinsic.
  1. Forgetting: a. Decay theory – memories that are not used fade gradually over time. b. Interference theory – too much information is stored and is fused together, becoming confusing.

7) LTM

a. Procedural memory – memory for motor movements and skills i. being able to play basic chords on a guitar after not playing the guitar for a long period of time. b. Semantic memory – memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning i. remembering what a guitar is, what it is used for, and how it is used without remembering exactly when you learned these things c. Episodic memory – memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space. i. Using a picture to remember when and where the guitar was first retrieved.

  1. Food, water, and warmth are primary motives because they are needs in which we would die without, while relationships and money could be considered psychological motives because they are needs based solely on an individual’s happiness and well-being, but things that one could survive without.
  2. Freud’s instinct theory a. the theory that aggression is caused by an inborn aggressive instinct i. Bandura’s social learning theory
  1. the theory that people are aggressive only if they have learned that it’s to their benefit to be aggressive
  1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory: a. Self-actualization b. self-esteem c. love/belongingness d. safety e. physiological
  2. James-Lange Theory – we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, and afraid because we tremble. a. Cognitive theory – we cry because we feel sorry, we strike because we’re angry, and we tremble because we’re afraid.
  3. Freud explains human aggression with his instinct theory, the theory that aggression is caused by an inborn aggressive instinct. He suggest Catharsis – the process of releasing instinctual energy, as a way to release aggressive energy
  4. Modeling is learning through observing others behavior. Modeling can be seen through vicarious reinforcement, which can occur for example when a student becomes more likely to study hard because they have seen their friend rewarded for industrious studying habits.