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The 12th Century Renaissance: Aspects, Influences, and Transformations, Study notes of World History

State University of New York at Albany (SUNY)World History

The 12th century renaissance, a period of significant change in europe marked by the emergence of new ideas and power dynamics. Topics include the conflict between religious and political authority, the expulsion of jews from various kingdoms, the rise of christian spain, and the importance of poland in eastern europe. Additionally, it discusses the nature of medieval university education, the role of neoplatonists in italian thought, and the impact of the renaissance on both italy and the north.

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Exam #3 Review Sheet
Chapter 9
1. What are the aspects of the 12th century Renaissance?
The 12th century renaissance was accompanied by a revival of intellectual and cultural life.
Revival of classical literature and philosophy including the works of Aristotle. Europeans begin to think
in new more rigorous ways about problems in theology, philosophy, and law. Fueled by the emergence
and rapid growth of universities and widespread primary schooling. New literary forms emerge.
Vernacular lyric poetry, extended allegories, and romances
2. What was Cluny?
A Benedictine monastery, founded in 910 in Burgundy by a pious, whose reform ideology tried to
separate its network of religious houses from control by lay people. It had two important constitutional
innovations; one was that to keep it free from domination by local noble families or the local bishop,
Cluny was placed directly under the protection of the papacy. The second was that it undertook the
reform or foundation of a large number of daughter monasteries.
3. What was the Investiture Conflict? What was it about?
The Investiture conflict was between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV. It was over whether a
king or layperson had the power to appoint a bishop. Raises questions about Christian kingship and the
relationship between political and religious authority. The conflict brought a permanent end to the old
Carolingian traditions of sacred kingship and establishes distinction between authority of church and
that of lay rulers. Gregory excommunicates Henry and asks his people to rebel. Henry’s Nobles rebel
against him and conflict cumulates at the confrontation at Canossa, which is a castle in Italy where
Henry publicly humiliates himself and asks for Gregory’s forgiveness. The Concordat of Worms ended
the conflict. Establishes distinction between church and state.
4. What made Pope Innocent III so powerful?
Elected at age 30, he was one of the youngest and most vigorous individuals ever to be raised to
the papacy; more than that, he was expertly trained in theology and had also studied canon law. His
major goal was to unify all Christendom under papal hegemony and thereby bring about the “right order
in the world.” In Germany, he engineered the triumph of his own candidate for the imperial office, the
emperor Frederick II—a triumph his papal successors would live to regret The crowning achievement of
Innocent’s pontificate was the summoning of the Fourth Lateran Council to Rome in 1215.
5. Who was St. Francis of Assisi? What was the religious theme in his ministry? What was his monastic
order?
St. Francis was part of the Franciscan order. It emphasized emotional fervor. Renounced all his
property and became a servant of the poor. Preached salvation without official approval in town squares
and ministered to outcasts in all corners of Italian cities. Is indifferent to doctrine, form and ceremony
except when it came to the Holy Eucharist. Eventually gains support of pope Innocent III. After this it
became more organized but maintained the values of “apostolic living.”
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Exam #3 Review Sheet

Chapter 9

  1. What are the aspects of the 12th^ century Renaissance? The 12th century renaissance was accompanied by a revival of intellectual and cultural life. Revival of classical literature and philosophy including the works of Aristotle. Europeans begin to think in new more rigorous ways about problems in theology, philosophy, and law. Fueled by the emergence and rapid growth of universities and widespread primary schooling. New literary forms emerge. Vernacular lyric poetry, extended allegories, and romances
  2. What was Cluny? A Benedictine monastery, founded in 910 in Burgundy by a pious, whose reform ideology tried to separate its network of religious houses from control by lay people. It had two important constitutional innovations; one was that to keep it free from domination by local noble families or the local bishop, Cluny was placed directly under the protection of the papacy. The second was that it undertook the reform or foundation of a large number of daughter monasteries.
  3. What was the Investiture Conflict? What was it about? The Investiture conflict was between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV. It was over whether a king or layperson had the power to appoint a bishop. Raises questions about Christian kingship and the relationship between political and religious authority. The conflict brought a permanent end to the old Carolingian traditions of sacred kingship and establishes distinction between authority of church and that of lay rulers. Gregory excommunicates Henry and asks his people to rebel. Henry’s Nobles rebel against him and conflict cumulates at the confrontation at Canossa, which is a castle in Italy where Henry publicly humiliates himself and asks for Gregory’s forgiveness. The Concordat of Worms ended the conflict. Establishes distinction between church and state.
  4. What made Pope Innocent III so powerful? Elected at age 30, he was one of the youngest and most vigorous individuals ever to be raised to the papacy; more than that, he was expertly trained in theology and had also studied canon law. His major goal was to unify all Christendom under papal hegemony and thereby bring about the “right order in the world.” In Germany, he engineered the triumph of his own candidate for the imperial office, the emperor Frederick II—a triumph his papal successors would live to regret The crowning achievement of Innocent’s pontificate was the summoning of the Fourth Lateran Council to Rome in 1215.
  5. Who was St. Francis of Assisi? What was the religious theme in his ministry? What was his monastic order? St. Francis was part of the Franciscan order. It emphasized emotional fervor. Renounced all his property and became a servant of the poor. Preached salvation without official approval in town squares and ministered to outcasts in all corners of Italian cities. Is indifferent to doctrine, form and ceremony except when it came to the Holy Eucharist. Eventually gains support of pope Innocent III. After this it became more organized but maintained the values of “apostolic living.”
  1. Why was there increased persecution of the Jews during this period? Jews already suffered form persecution and higher taxes but the church did nothing to combat peoples growing fears of the Jewish population. Christians started to believe Jews were agents of Satan. In 13th century kings start expelling Jews from kingdoms altogether. By 1500 only Italy and Poland had substantial Jewish populations.
  2. At this time people studied liberal arts, what subjects did this include? On admission—limited to males—he was required to spend 4 years studying the basic liberal arts, which meant doing advanced work in Latin grammar and rhetoric and mastering the rules of logic. If he passed his examinations he received the preliminary degree of bachelor of arts (the prototype of our B.A.).
  3. What did medieval scholastics teach? In its root meaning scholasticism was simply the method of teaching the learning followed in the medieval schools. That meant that it was highly systematic and that it was highly respectful of authority. Yet scholasticism was not only a method of study: it was a worldview. As such, it taught that there was a fundamental compatibility between the knowledge humans can obtain naturally—that is, by experience or reason—and the teachings imparted by divine revelation.
  4. What did St. Thomas Aquinas do? He believed that natural knowledge and the stud of the created universe were legitimate ways of approaching theological wisdom because “nature” complements “grace.” By this he meant to say that because God created the natural world, he can be approached through its terms, even thought ultimate certainty about the highest truths could be obtained only through the supernatural revelation of the Bible. After his death, he canonized for his intellectual accomplishments seemed like miracles. His influence lives on today insofar as he helped inspire confidence in rationalism and human experience. More directly, philosophy in the modern Roman Catholic Church is supposed to be taught according to the Thomistic method, doctrine, and principles.
  5. How would you characterize vernacular poetry? What characteristics do you expect it to have? In beginning, the literature in the vernacular languages was written in the form of the heroic epic. Portray a virile but unpolished warrior society. Very gruesome. If women were mentioned, they were subordinate to men. Brides expected to die for husband but husband is free to beat wife.
  6. Why was Eschenbach famous? Medieval poet. Wrote Prazival, a story of love and search for the holy grail. In it we see the full development of a Hero for the first time in western literature since the Greeks. It is a romance and he believed that true love could only be realized in marriage.
  7. What was the divine comedy? Where did it take place? Greatest work of medieval literature by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). Dante was active during the early part of his career in the political affairs of his native city in Florence and remained throughout his life intensely connected to that city. The Divine Comedy is a monumental narrative in powerful rhyming Italian verse, which describes the poet’s journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise. Some
  1. Who was Hildegard of Bingham? Most famous and influential German nun and visionary. Her descriptions of her religious visions, dictated in freshly original Latin prose, were so compelling that contemporaries had no difficulty in believing that she was directly inspired by God. Hildegard wrote on a variety of other subjects such as pharmacology and women’s medicine. Also, she composed religious songs whose beauty has been rediscovered in recent times.
  2. What countries were expelling Jews? Starting in the late 1280s, however, kings began to expel their Jewish subjects from their kingdoms altogether: in 1288 from southern Italy, in 1290 from England, and in 1306 from France. Further expulsions followed during the 14th^ century in the Rhineland, and in 1492 from Spain. By 1500, only Italy and Poland still retained any substantial Jewish populations, where they would survive until the Nazi Holocaust during WWII.
  3. What was average age of students at universities? Student life in medieval universities was often rowdy. Many students were very immature because it was customary to begin university studies between the ages of 12 and 15.
  4. What church order did Aquinas come from? He was the leading scholastic theologian of the University of Paris and as a member of the Dominican order; St. Thomas was committed to the principle that faith could be defended by reason. The order was founded by the Spaniard St. Dominic and approved by Innocent III in 1216 and was particularly dedicated to the fight against heresy and also the conversion of Jews and Muslims.
  5. What was the nature of Abelard’s Philosophy? The Story of My Calamities, one of the first autobiographical accounts written in the West since St. Augustine’s Confessions. When first reading, this work appears atypically modern because the author seems to defy the medieval Christian virtue of humility by constantly boasting about himself, although he did not write about his calamities in order to boast. His intention was to moralize about how he had been justly punished for his lechery by the loss of those parts that had offended and for his intellectual pride by the burning of his writings after his first condemnation. Abelard’s greatest contributions to the development of scholasticism were made in his Sic et Non (Yes and No) and in a number of original theological works. In Sic et Non Abelard prepared the way for the scholastic method by gathering a collection of statements from the church fathers that spoke for both sides of 150 theological questions. He really hoped to do was to begin a process of careful study whereby it could be shown that the Bible was infallible and that other authorities, despite and appearances to the contrary, really agreed with each other.
  6. What was overall objective of medieval scholastics? By the 13th^ century Peter Lombard’s (Abelard’s student) work, Book of Sentences, became a standard text. Once formal schools of theology were established in the universities, all aspirants to the doctorate were required to study and comment on it; it is not surprising that theologians also followed its organizational procedures in their own writings. Thus the full scholastic method was born. Scholastics of the mid 13th^ century accordingly adhered to Peter Lombard’s organizational method but considered

Greek and Arabic philosophical authorities as well as purely Christian theological ones. In doing this they tried to construct systems of understanding that most fully harmonized the earlier separate realms of faith and natural knowledge.

Chapter 10

  1. What was the nature of agricultural economy in Europe? 1300 Europe needed all available land to farm grain in order to attempt to feed the growing population and even so there was barely enough to go around. A gradual cooling climate change in northern Europe caused rain patterns to change and shortened growing seasons. 1315 great famine strikes northern Europe that lasts seven years. Between 1310 and 1330 winters are harsh and summers unseasonably cold and wet. Torrential rains wash away sown fields and cold summers prevent crops from ripening. Leads to widespread famine and 10 to 15 percent of population perish.
  2. Where (and when) did the Black Death begin? It originated in Mongolia and then spread to China, Northern India, and Middle East. From there went everywhere.
  3. How much of the European population died from the Black Death? (Number) In initial outbreak of 1347-1350, 1/3-1/2 of population died and by 1450, 1/2 and maybe even as close as 2/3 of the pop had died from combination of plague, famine, and war.
  4. During the 100 Year War, what was the major turn for England? (From good to bad) In 1376 when King Edward’s son the Black Prince died and left ten year old Richard II to succeed the aging Edward III. French king Charles V uses the peace established by the Treaty of Bretigny to his advantage and imposed national taxes in order to pay for a proper army that could compete with the English. By 1380 English territories in France were reduced to extremely small regions around Bordeaux and Calais.
  5. Where do we see examples of European obsession with dying? The Europeans became obsessed with salvation and life after death. Sacraments and other steps in order to obtain eternal life and avoid purgatory and hell. Crusading fulfills all penances the crusader might owe for his sins in life. Penance also includes alms giving and reciting the prayers of rosary. All help the believer in his journey toward salvation. Extreme unction (Last rights) guaranteed that your sins would be absolved in death.
  6. What was the Babylonian Captivity? Period from 1309-1378 when the pope was exiled to Avignon (France) and French monarchs held considerable sway over the papacy. All popes during this period were residents of southern France. Papacy demands money from clergy and this alienates clergy and laity alike. Popes sell spiritual benefits for money. Highly corrupt.
  7. Who was the leader of the Lollards? John Wyclif an Oxford theologian says that the sacraments of a corrupt church could not save anyone. Urged English crown to replace corrupt priests and bishops with men who would live according
  1. What did the Byzantine Empire do to protect itself? In 1438 they submit to the papal authority and unite with the Latin Christian church in the hope that this might bring them western military support to withstand the Turks.
  2. What was the role of artillery at this time? They were used by the Ottoman Turks to breach the defenses of Constantinople, which had been impregnable up to this point. French use it take city of Bordeaux, which ended the 100 years war. Makes it difficult for rebellious aristocrats to hold up in their castles therefore aiding in consolidation of monarchy. Can be placed aboard ships. Doesn’t last long but shows Italian city-states were no match for the national monarchies that were forming elsewhere in Europe. True or False
  3. What was the rate of progress of the Black Death (Miles/Day)? From Italy the plague spread throughout Western Europe along the trade routes, first striking the seaports, then moved inland. It moved with astonishing rapidity, advancing about two miles per day during 1348 and 1349 in both summer and winter.
  4. During Black Death were Jews victims of Christian and Muslim persecution? Yes. They were blamed for the onset of the disease and were accused of poisoning the wells.
  5. What is the name of the microbe responsible for the Black Death? Yersinia Pestis
  6. What was the Jacquerie Rebellion? In 1358, French peasants in the countryside around Paris rose up against their lords in an orgy or arson, murder, and rape.
  7. When merchants were made Nobles, what happened? They were expected to abandon their old employments and expected to adopt an appropriately Nobel way of life: living in rural castles or urban palaces.
  8. Henry IV seized the crown from Richard II in 1399. What did it lead to? Richard II had no interest in continuing the French war. Married the French Kings daughter
  9. Tried to confiscate inheritance of Henry Bolingbroke but the tables turned and Henry IV stole the crown from Richard. First Lancastrian king of England. He makes alliances with Germany and Burgundy.
  10. Did the King of France give authority over the troops to Joan of Arc? Yes. Charles VI gave her a contingent of troops. She proceeded to lift the siege of Orleans and led a series of future victories. She remained an embarrassment because she was a peasant and a woman leading Nobles in battle.
  11. What are conversos? Spanish Jews that had converted to Catholicism. Until 1450 might have successfully assimilated into Spanish Christian society but they became targets of discriminatory legislation.
  1. What does concordat mean? Agreement between Pope and another government. Grants them extensive authority over churches in their territories. Kings receive many of the revenues from local churches rather than them going to the papacy.
  2. How did Lollards gain power and support? They gained a group of Nobel supporters and they helped fund the movement in the early days. Failure of the Lollard uprising in 1414 made them lose this support.

Chapter 11

  1. Who were the Mongols most closely related to? They were a nomadic people inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. They were closely connected with the various Turkish-speaking people with whom they frequently intermarried.
  2. What is the name of their leader? During 12th century the Mongol chief Temujin begins to unite the various Mongol tribes under his rule. Quickly built up a large military force and his supremacy was recognized and he takes the title Genghis Kahn (universal ruler).
  3. How did they fight, in a military sense? Mongols were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers.
  4. What was the significance of the Mongol’s conquest? Genghis Kahn conquers northern and western China and in 1279 his grandson completes the job conquering southern China uniting China for the first time in centuries. Conquered much of Central Asia and incorporates important commercial cities into his empire. 1300 stop expanding but maintain the empire that they already have.
  5. How did the Ottoman Empire become so successful? The people who became the Ottomans were already established in northwestern Anatolia when the Mongols arrived and were already at least nominally Muslims. But unlike the established Muslim powers in the region, whom the Mongols destroyed, the Ottoman Turks were among the principal beneficiaries of the Mongol conquest. By toppling the Seljuk sultanate and the Abbasid caliphate oh Baghdad, the Mongols eliminated the two traditional authorities that had previously kept Turkish border chieftains like the Ottomans in check. Now the Ottomans were free to raid along their soft frontiers with Byzantium unhindered. At the same time, however, they remained far enough away from the centers of Mongol authority to avoid being destroyed themselves. By the end of the 13th^ century, the Ottoman Dynasty had established itself as the leading family among the Anatolian border lords.
  6. Why did the Ottomans have Christian slaves? Because Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims, the vast majority of Ottoman slaves were from Christian families, although many converted to Islam later in life.
  1. What was moral justification because of the colonization of the New World? As populations in Europe grew, wages dropped dramatically. Living standards were the lowest they’ve ever been including the years of the 14th century famine. Americas served as an outlet for Europe’s growing population. True or False
  2. What percentage of indigenous people in America died from disease? By 1600, somewhere between 50 and 90 percent of the indigenous people of the Americans had perished from disease, massacre, and enslavement.
  3. What does horde mean? From the Turkish word ordu, meaning tent or encampment. Between 1237 and 1240, the Mongol horde conquered southern Russia and then launched a two-pronged assault farther west.
  4. What is the significance of the Battle of Caffa? One of the first uses of biological warfare. Mongols launch bodies of those who die from the disease over the walls and into the castle. Mongols bring Black Death and infect the Genoese defenders who in turn bring it to Europe.
  5. What does astrolabe mean? They reckoned latitude by the height of the sun. Like quadrants, astrolabes had been known in western Europe for centuries, but it was not until 1480s that the astrolabe because a really useful instrument for seaborne navigation, with the preparation of standard tables sponsored by the Portuguese crown.
  6. Why were European ships made much larger during this period? They were so important because was the larger size made if possible to mount more effective artillery pieces on them. Increasingly during the 16th^ century, European naval vessels were conceived as floating artillery platforms, with scores of guns mounted to fixed positions along their sides and swivel guns mounted fore and aft. Made it possibly to project military power all around the world.
  7. Why is slavery endemic to the Canary Islands? Prince Henry the Navigator pioneered the Portuguese slave trade which started with the Canary Islands of whom the majority of the population was enslaved.
  8. What was the nature of people in the slave market in Europe? Who were they and where did they come from? The major Mediterranean slave markets of the 14th^ and early 15th^ centuries lay in Muslim lands, and especially in the Ottoman Empire. Relatively few of the slaves who passed through these markets were Africans. Most were European Christians, predominately Poles, Ukrainians, Greeks, and Bulgarians. From the mid 15th^ century on, Lisbon began to emerge as a significant market for enslaved Africans. About 150,000 African slaves were imported into Europe by 1505.
  1. Did the people believe the world was flat at this time? No, it had been known since the 12th^ century that the world was round, but how big it was had been miscalculated until Columbus.
  2. How was America named? Named after Italian geographer Amerigo Vespucci, because he widely publicized the discovery of the new world a great deal.
  3. Did the discovery of the New World really make a difference? Yes, Had the New World not been discovered the population of Europe would have become too large to sustain itself and there would’ve been massive deaths.

Chapter 12

  1. What does Renaissance mean? Most scholars reserve the term “Renaissance” to describe certain trends in thought, literature, and the arts that emerged in Italy from roughly 1350 to 1550 and then spread to northern Europe during the 16th^ century. In this chapter, we mean to limit ourselves to an epoch in intellectual and cultural history.
  2. Which Greek classical scholar was most significant to medieval scholars? Plato
  3. Why did Italians invest in culture? The late medieval Italy, intensive investment in culture arose both from an intensification of urban pride and the concentration of per capita wealth.
  4. Who declared the donation of Constantine a forgery? Lorenzo Valla uses his skills in grammar and rhetoric and analysis of Greek and Latin texts to show how the thorough study of language could discredit old verities. Declares Donation of Constantine to be a forgery based on the fact that it lacked neoclassical Latin usages and anachronistic terms.
  5. Who were the Neoplatonists? From about 1450 until about 1600 Italian thought was dominated by a school of Neoplatonists who sought to blend the ideas of Plato, Plotinus and various strands of ancient mysticism with Christianity. Their hero was Plato: sometimes they celebrated Plato’s birthday by holding a banquet in his honor, after which everybody gave speeches as if they were characters in a Platonic dialogue. Among them were Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.
  6. Who was Nicola Machiavelli? Niccolo Machiavelli was Italy’s greatest political philosopher. His writings reflect the unstable condition of Italy in his time. In 1498 he became a prominent official in the government of the Florentine republic set up four years earlier when the French invasion led to the expulsion of the Medici. Wrote Discourses on Livy where he praised the ancient Roman republic as a model for his own contemporaries.

urban oriented educational tradition took shape in Italy from which Renaissance humanism was able to develop.

  1. Who was Durer? The most moving visual embodiments of the ideals of Christian humanism were conceived by the foremost of northern Renaissance artists, the German Albrecht Durer. He was the first northerner to master Italian Renaissance techniques or proportion, perspective and modeling. Durer also shared with contemporary Italians a fascination with reproducing the manifold works of nature down to the minutest details and a penchant for displaying the human nude in various postures. Durer’s nudes are seldom lacking the fig leaves, which Michelangelo used in his artwork.
  2. Who was Borgia? Cesare Borgia was the main character in Machiavelli’s handbook, The Prince. Because it had been so much more widely read than the Discourses, interpretations of Machiavelli’s political thought have often mistaken the admiration he expressed in The Prince about Borgia as an endorsement of princely tyranny for its own sake. In the political chaos of early 16th^ century Italy, Machiavelli saw a ruthless prince such as Borgia as the only hope for revitalizing the spirit of independence among his contemporaries, and so making them fit, once again, for republican self-rule. Princes such as Borgia were necessary steps toward the end, but for Machiavelli their rule was not the ideal form of govn’t for humankind. True or False
  3. What was the relationship between Renaissance and Christian thinking? However much most Renaissance personalities loved the classics, none saw classicism as superseding Christianity.
  4. At this time, was Latin becoming a dead language? No, during this time period Greek scientific and philosophical treatises became available to western Europeans in Latin thanks to Islamic translations.
  5. What was Casliglione’s definition of a Renaissance Man? One who is accomplished in many different pursuits and is also brave, witty, and “courteous,” meaning civilized and learned. He mentioned nothing about women’s role in “hearth and home” but stressed instead the ways in which court ladies could be “gracious entertainers.”
  6. What is the nature of oil painting? Laws of linear perspective were discovered and first employed to give fullest sense of three dimensions. Also experimented with effects of light and shade. Introduction of painting in oil characteristic of fifteenth century painting. Oil doesn’t dry as fast as fresco pigment the painter could work more slowly taking time on difficult parts of the picture and make corrections if necessary.
  7. Was Da Vinci a vegetarian based on his views of nature? Yes, he went to the marketplace to but caged birds, which he released into their native habitat.
  1. Can we expand on Michelangelo’s expression of David into something more? Sculpted by Michelangelo. Conceived as a public expression of Florentine civic ideals and hence as heroic rather than merely graceful. Depicts young man at peak of physical fitness. Celebrated Florentine republics own fortitude in resisting tyrants and upholding civic justice.
  2. What does Romanesque mean? The new building style was a compound of elements derived from the Middle Ages and from antiquity. It was not Gothic, however, a style that never found a congenial soil in Italy, but the Italian Romanesque that provided the medieval basis for the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. The great architects of the Renaissance generally adopted their building plans from Romanesque churches, some of which they believed, mistakenly, to be Roman rather than medieval. The result of the architecture based on the cruciform floor plan of transept and nave, but embodying the decorative features of the column and arch or the column and lintel, the colonnade, and frequently the dome.
  3. What was the primary opinion of Erasmus? Everything he wrote promoted the Philosophy of Christ. He believed the entire society of his day was caught up in corruption and immorality because people had lost sight of the simple teachings of the Gospels. 3 different categories to express these ideas; clever satires show people error of their ways, serious moral treatises meant to offer guidance, and scholarly editions of basic Christian texts.
  4. Why was More executed? In 1534, when More refused to take and oath acknowledging Henry VIII as head of the Church of England, he was thrown into the Tower of London, and a year later met his death on the scaffold as a Catholic martyr (someone who dies for the church).
  5. Was Prudery a feature of Northern Renaissance? Yes, while they still portrayed nude figures, they covered genitalia with fake leaves. In concurrence with more restrained northern traditions.