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two characteristics of human behavior
is learned, and plastic TERM 2
what do humans actively seek?
DEFINITION 2 info to construct reality and meet their basic needs TERM 3
what can you do with cognitive
activity?
DEFINITION 3 consciously assess, monitor, and alter cognitive activity TERM 4
therapeutic goal of social cognition
DEFINITION 4 overt manipulation of behavior is ethical TERM 5
attention
DEFINITION 5 focusing on features of environment or oneself, is limited, and different ppl focus on different things in same situation
interpretion
process where we give meaning to the events we experience TERM 7
judgment
DEFINITION 7 process of using info to form impressions and make decisions TERM 8
what are many social judgments?
DEFINITION 8 "best guesses" due to limited information TERM 9
memory
DEFINITION 9 storing and retrieving info for later, affecting what we pay attention to and how to interpret it TERM 10
conserving mental effort
DEFINITION 10 we pay attention to, interpret ambiguous behaviors, think in ways that preserve, and remember ppl that support our expectationsalsoa self fulfilling prophecy
components of social environment
family, friends, peers, coworkers TERM 17
observational learning
DEFINITION 17 when a person watches other people's behaviors and reinforcements associated with those behaviors TERM 18
behavioral capability
DEFINITION 18 if a person is to perform a behavior he or she must know what the behavior is and have the skills to perform it TERM 19
reinforcement
DEFINITION 19 applied to reward positive behaviors and sanction negative behaviors TERM 20
types of reinforcements
DEFINITION 20 directvicariousself
outcome expectancies
a person learns certain outcomes occur in a situation, expects them when that situation presents itself again,person performs similarily TERM 22
expectations learned in 4 ways
DEFINITION 22 performance attainmentvicarious experiencehearing from others or social persuasionphysiological arousal TERM 23
self-efficacy
DEFINITION 23 most important pre-requisite for behavior changethe confidence a person feels about performing a particular activity TERM 24
self control of performance
DEFINITION 24 the key is the ability of the individual to engage in behavior to achieve a goal TERM 25
confirmation bias
DEFINITION 25 the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs
when do we use conscious processing?
important events TERM 32
reducing bias
DEFINITION 32 debiasing: use of controlled over automatic processingconsider multiple alternativesrely less on memoryuse explicit decision rulessearch for disconfirming informationuse meta-cognition TERM 33
adaptive unconscious
DEFINITION 33 part of brain that leaps to conclusions, like autopilot TERM 34
conscious and unconscious
DEFINITION 34 we switch back and forth between these all the time TERM 35
thin slicing
DEFINITION 35 a little knowledge goes a long way,coined by John Gottman on relationship stability
How long does it take John Gottman to
determine relationship stability by watching
couples interact?
about 15 minutes of watching couple interact about an issue they disagree on TERM 37
SPAFF
DEFINITION 37 Specific affect,Coding system,20 categories,every second coded,info from electrodes and sensors on subjects also factored in TERM 38
when we automatically do things without
hardly thinking about it?
DEFINITION 38 After enough expertise or experience (i.e. driving car back home from work) TERM 39
bad habits in relationships
DEFINITION 39 eye rolling,yes-but statements,word choices,tone. TERM 40
fists
DEFINITION 40 specific patterns ppl use due to personality unconsciously expressing itself automatically (i.e. British determining fists in German messages rather than what each word meant during WW2).
best source on our
personality
close friends TERM 47
what personality trait is difficult for strangers
to detect by looking through someone's
room?
DEFINITION 47 Extraversion TERM 48
three kinds of clues about personality
DEFINITION 48 deliberate expressions i.e. framed degreebehavioral residue i.e. dirty laundrythought and feeling regulators i.e. candles TERM 49
why indirect sources best for finding out
personality?
DEFINITION 49 ppl can lie when asked direct questions TERM 50
type of doctor that gets sued
often
DEFINITION 50 rude or distant doctors
type of doctor that rarely gets
sued
nice, gentle doctors TERM 52
characteristics of good doctor
DEFINITION 52 active listener,spends three minutes with each patient,makes orienting comments (first this, then this, and finally this), TERM 53
how do we make good snap
decisions?
DEFINITION 53 years of experience, done unconsciously TERM 54
how to influence unconscious
DEFINITION 54 priming (use "old" words and ppl walk away from experiment slower) TERM 55
why does our unconscious make snap
decisions?
DEFINITION 55 we dont have enough time to process every bit of information
career guidance for a thin
slicer
car salespeople need to quickly judge customers, from naive to knowledgable on cars, as well as override stereotypes TERM 62
verbal overshadowing
DEFINITION 62 we can pick a face you saw at a bus stop, but difficult to verbalize characteristics of person, using different brain hemispheres for visualization and verbalization, discovered by Jonathan Schooler. TERM 63
truly successful decision making
DEFINITION 63 balance between deliberate and instinctive thinking,differentiate between needing and not needing certain pieces of information TERM 64
consumer extension
DEFINITION 64 too many choices on, say 24 different jams, vs 6 choices causes sales to go down, because jam is an impulse purchase and too many choices lower sales TERM 65
sensation transference
DEFINITION 65 Coke vs Pepsi, Pepsi won sip test but Coke won home testmargarine vs butter, taste the same but margarine looked white and uglyCheap brandy vs Expensive brandy, cheap brandy rated higher if in an expensive bottle
how to combat sensation transference
expertise so more complex thoughts,specific vocabulary to describe why one is better than another (e.g. food critics over general public on Coke vs Pepsi). TERM 67
optimal arousal
DEFINITION 67 heartbeat between 115 and 145 bpm, any lower you're bored any higher you're overstressed and we make bad decisions TERM 68
pros of rapid cognition
DEFINITION 68 spotting falsities, like fake statuesknowing when a double fault is comingdetermining marital success TERM 69
five reasons why cognitive psychologists are
interested in language
DEFINITION 69
- unique form of abstraction, heart of cognition2) major impact on representation of information in memory3) one means of thinking about external events4) chief form of human information exchange5) influences perception TERM 70
linguists vs psycholinguists
DEFINITION 70 linguists study languagepsycholinguists study language use
transformational grammar
system of rulesfor sentences of a language, should produce all sentences and no non-sentences, creates grammar TERM 77
linguistic competence
DEFINITION 77 Surface structure Deep structure Transformation rules TERM 78
surface structure vs underlying meaning
DEFINITION 78 people get the gist of a sentence rather its individual parts, deep meaning remembered better than sentence structure TERM 79
lexical access
DEFINITION 79 lexical access of multiple word meanings probably occurs rapidly, and selection of appropriate meanings follows aftere.g. "They need a new sink" and either primed with "tap" or "swim" and this influences what sentence means, then appropriate meaning not long after TERM 80
constituent processing
DEFINITION 80 When a word activates more than one meaning (which is almost always), the correct one is selected via context analysis,
garden path sentences
Integration must occur within sentences to make sense of an utterance and occur between sentencespeople spend the most time at the beginning and end of passages, less time on middle TERM 82
dyslexia
DEFINITION 82 extreme difficulty in reading and learning to read,not simply perceptual (originally thought to be a problem with seeing letters),affects spoken language TERM 83
Broca's
aphasia
DEFINITION 83 results from a lesiontissue destructionin left frontal cortex of anterior region ofbrain,think normally butcant find right words for anything TERM 84
Wernicke's
aphasia
DEFINITION 84 from lesions to temporal or parietal cortex (posterior), have problems understanding, produce fluid, meaningless utterances, think clearly TERM 85
Agrammatism
DEFINITION 85 Can speak single words but not intelligible sentences
representative heuristic
assume that each member of a category is representative of that category (like the prototype?), and has all its traits TERM 92
simulation heuristic
DEFINITION 92 mentally modeling a possible event, and basing likelihood on that model TERM 93
conjunction fallacy
DEFINITION 93 Experience leads to automatic activation in memory,logic requires effortful/difficult controlled processing TERM 94
four main features of all
problems
DEFINITION 94
- a goal or description of what constitutes a solution2) a description of objects relevant to achieving a solution3) a set of operations or allowable actions toward a solution4) a set of constraints not to be violated TERM 95
role of analogy in problem solving
DEFINITION 95 Oft-used strategy in reformulation: trying to structure your solution to an analogous problem (e.g. inoperable tumor in stomach:how to deliver radiation without too much damage on one spot of stomach lining,use analogy of general attacking a fortress by sending troops all around fortress, thus radiation rays given to tumor from different angles).
mental
set
a tendency to repeat a solution process that has succeeded repeatedly TERM 97
functional fixedness
DEFINITION 97 treating an object as having only one function; not thinking creatively TERM 98
creative process
DEFINITION 98 preparationincubation illumination verification TERM 99
influences of cognition on legal proceedings
DEFINITION 99 stress can affect judgment, e.g. weapon focus can cause false charges in innocent people TERM 100
Simon effect
DEFINITION 100 reaction time faster when stimulus and response occur at same location (same visual/response field)
