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An overview of the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems, assessment techniques for reproductive system disorders, and nursing management for breast disorders. Topics include assessment of male and female reproductive systems, breast cancer screening and risk factors, benign breast disorders such as mastalgia and fibroadenoma, and nipple discharge. The document also covers breast cancer diagnosis, treatment options, and nursing interventions.
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Chapter 51 Nursing Assessment: Reproductive System KEY POINTS STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
fever. Ultrasound-guided drainage of the abscess or surgical incision and drainage are necessary followed by antibiotic therapy.
- Therapy depends on degree of prolapse and can include strengthening exercises and a pessary. SEXUAL ASSAULT
Chapter 55 Nursing Management: Male Reproductive Problems KEY POINTS BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is prostate gland enlargement caused by increased epithelial cells and stromal tissue. BPH results from endocrine changes associated with the aging process.
Prostate cancer is an androgen-dependent carcinoma that is usually slow growing. It is the most common cancer among men, excluding skin cancer. The most common site for metastasis is the bone. Risk factors include family history, age, and ethnicity. Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to those for BPH, including dysuria, hesitancy, dribbling, frequency, and urgency. Low back pain may accompany metastases. Elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) indicate prostatic pathology, although not necessarily prostate cancer. Care of the patient depends on the stage of the cancer and health of the patient. There is more than one treatment possible for all stages. o Active surveillance is the conservative approach to management. It is also called “Safe” sex practices include abstinence, monogamy with the uninfected partner, watchful waiting.” o Invasive therapies include radical prostatectomy and cryosurgery. o Other treatments include radiation (external beam and brachytherapy) and drug therapy.
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to attain or maintain an erect penis that allows satisfactory sexual performance. It is estimated that 50% of men between ages 40 and 70 have at least some degree of ED. - ED can result from a number of etiologic factors, with the most common cause being vascular. - An inability to perform sexually can cause great distress. - Goal of therapy is for the patient and his partner to achieve a satisfactory sexual relationship. Treatment for ED is based on the underlying cause. - Many treatment options are available, including oral drugs, vacuum constriction devices, intraurethral devices, and implants. - Sexual counseling is often recommended before and after treatment. ANDROPAUSE