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Definitions and explanations of key terms related to water and electrolyte balance in living organisms. Topics include osmolarity, tonicity, osmoconformers, osmoregulators, reabsorption, types of nitrogenous waste, ammonia, urea, uric acid, kidney, urinary system, fresh water fish, saltwater fish, structure of a nephron, secretion, excretion, proximal tubule, insulin, glucagon, type i diabetes, loop of henle, vasa recta, distal tubule, collecting duct, adh, diabetes insipidus, aldosterone, and glomerulus.
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the numer of osmotically active moles of solute per liter of solution TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 measure of the ability of the solution to change the volume of a cell by osmosis TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 osmolarity of body fluids is isotonic to seawater environment. are in osmotic equilibrium with environment. most marine invertebrates TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 most marine vertebrates actively maintain a relatively constant blod osmolarity different than that of the sourrounding environment TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 the transport out of the tubule into environment
ammonia(most water, least energy) urea uric acid(least water, most energy) TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 formed in the liver, toxic to most cellsbony fish and amphibian tadpoles eliminate most of ammonia via diffusion through gills. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 sharks, adult amphibians, and mammals convert ammonia to urea.eliminated through urine and produced in teh urinary system TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 water- insoluable acid. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 composed of repeating units called nephrons
wastes excess water are eliminated as urine TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 2/3rds of water are reabsorbed there. glucose, amino acids, and other molecules are reabsorbed by active and secondary active transport requires energy: Glucose and other vitamins enter through co- transport with Na. Na gradient is maintained by Na/k pump which directly uses ATP. filtrate enters as 180 L, and leaves tubule as 60 L and filtrate is still isotonic TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 promotes import of glucose molecules from blood into cells,, to decrease blood glucose TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 promotes breakdown of glycogen in the liver, to increase blood glucose levels. TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 caused by defect in insulin- producing cells in the pancreas. little or no insulin is produced.
Create gradient of increasing osmolarity from cortex into medulla. TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 highly permeable to water, impermeable to solutes TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 impermeable to water, but highly permeable to na and cl which passivly transport until 600 osm and thicker wall where it is actively transported. TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 NaCl pumped out of limb is reabsorbed from body fluids into the blood which flows in a countercurrent formation in order to pick up all of the water and solutes. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 filtrate that enters is hypotonic, only concentration of 100 mOsm.K is secreted into teh tube to maintain homoestasis after k is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
envelops the glomerulus , the capsule has a slit so that the glomerular filtrate can enter the system of nephron tubules.