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Demography
The statistical study of human populations relating to growth
area.
TERM 2
Neolithic Revolution
DEFINITION 2
The first provable revolution in agriculture. Characterised by
the transition from hunting and gathering to farming.
TERM 3
Industrial Revolution
DEFINITION 3
The transition from individual production to factory
production.
TERM 4
Medical revolution
DEFINITION 4
A revolution that marks a time period where people began to
learn more about medical science and the human body.
TERM 5
Environmental revolution
DEFINITION 5
An ongoing revolution attempting to switch from pollution-
causing and climate-changing technology to efficient and
clean technology.
Developing countries
A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more
advanced economically and socially.
TERM 7
Total fertility
rate
DEFINITION 7
An indicator that shows the potential for a population to
change. Measured by the amount of children born over the
population of any given area.
TERM 8
Replacement-level fertility
DEFINITION 8
A rate at which a woman is able to birth enough children to
replace both herself and her partner, two.
TERM 9
Population profile
DEFINITION 9
A chart showing the number of people as a function of their
ages.
TERM 10
Age structure
DEFINITION 10
The distribution of people of different ages in a population.
Demographic window
A period in a nations evolution when the proportion of a
population of working age group is particularly prominent.
TERM 17
Demographic dividend
DEFINITION 17
Occurs when the majority of the population is of working age
and contributes to the economy.
TERM 18
Kerala
story
DEFINITION 18
A story of a country and women's empowerment.
TERM 19
Demographic transition
DEFINITION 19
A pattern of falling death rates and birthrates in response to
improved living conditions or vis versa.
TERM 20
Global gag rule
DEFINITION 20
Any country receiving U.S. aid was not allowed to have
anything to do with abortion.
Cairo Conference
A meeting in the end of 1943 that established that China
would receive all land seized by Japan. Korea would become
independent.
TERM 22
Large families in developing
countries
DEFINITION 22
In a less developed country more children translates into a
larger working force as well as the greater odds of unplanned
pregnancy.
TERM 23
Dependency ratio
DEFINITION 23
The number of nonworking members of a population
compared to those who work.
TERM 24
Millennium Development Project
DEFINITION 24
An initiative that focuses on research implementing the
organizational means, operational priorities and financing
structures necessary to achieve the Millennium Development
Goals
TERM 25
World Bank
DEFINITION 25
International bank for reconstruction and development. A UN
agency created to assist developing nations by loans
guaranteed by member governments.
Brackish water
Water that has more salinity then fresh water but not as
much as seawater.
TERM 32
Covalent bond
DEFINITION 32
Is a chemical bond that involves sharing of electron pairs
between atoms.
TERM 33
Hydrogen bond
DEFINITION 33
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an
electrostatic attraction between a proton and an electron.
TERM 34
Water vapor
DEFINITION 34
Water diffused into the atmosphere but below boiling
temperature.
TERM 35
Humidity
DEFINITION 35
Water vapor in the atmosphere.
Relative humidity
The amount of water vapor present in the air.
TERM 37
Condensation
DEFINITION 37
Water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid
air is in contact with it.
TERM 38
Aerosols
DEFINITION 38
A substance enclosed under pressure and able to be released
as a fine spray.
TERM 39
Purification
DEFINITION 39
To make pure by removing anything that pollutes or
contaminates.
TERM 40
Hadley cell
DEFINITION 40
A large scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at
the equator and sinks at medium latitudes.
Gravitational water
Soil water that moves into, through or out of the soil under
the influence of gravity.
TERM 47
Groundwater
DEFINITION 47
Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices
in rock.
TERM 48
Water table
DEFINITION 48
The level below which the ground is saturated with water.
TERM 49
Aquifers
DEFINITION 49
A body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit
groundwater.
TERM 50
Recharge area
DEFINITION 50
An area where water moves downward from surface water to
groundwater.
Seep
Flow or leak slowly through porous material or small holes.
TERM 52
Spring
DEFINITION 52
Origin or arise from ground water to surface water.
TERM 53
Non-consumptive
DEFINITION 53
Some action that requires no action to produce, does not
consume. Solar panels
TERM 54
Consumptive
DEFINITION 54
An action that requires energy to have an output.
TERM 55
Land subsidence
DEFINITION 55
Occurring when large amounts of groundwater have been
excessively withdrawn. The clay layers compact and settle,
resulting in lowering the ground surface.
Parent material
The underlying geological material in which soil horizons
from.
TERM 62
Sand
DEFINITION 62
A loose granular substance resulting from erosion of siliceous
and other rocks.
TERM 63
Silt
DEFINITION 63
Fine sand, clay or other material carried by running water
and deposited as a sediment.
TERM 64
Clay
DEFINITION 64
A stiff sticky fine-grained earth, typically yellow, red or
blueish gray.
TERM 65
Soil texture
DEFINITION 65
A qualitative classification tool used to determine classes for
agricultural soils based on their physical texture.
Loam
A fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus.
TERM 67
Workability
DEFINITION 67
Determines the degree of ease a material can be cut, shaped
or smoothed.
TERM 68
Horizons
DEFINITION 68
A soil layer generally parallel to the soils surface whose
physical characteristics differ from the layers above and
beneath.
TERM 69
Soil profile
DEFINITION 69
A vertical section of the soil from the ground surface
downwards to where the soil meets underlying rock.
TERM 70
O horizon
DEFINITION 70
The layer of loose leaves and organic debris at the surface of
soil.
B horizon
Commonly referred to as subsoil, The zone of accumulation
where rain water percolating through the soil has leached
material from above.
TERM 77
Subsoil
DEFINITION 77
The soil lying immediately under the surface soil
TERM 78
C horizon
DEFINITION 78
Soil layer consisted mostly of weathered, partially
decomposed rock.
TERM 79
Soil fertility
DEFINITION 79
The capacity of soil to provide plants with water, nutrients
and oxygen.
TERM 80
Nutrient-holding capacity
DEFINITION 80
The ability to absorb and retain nutrients so they are
available for plant roots.
Fertilizer
A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to
increase its fertility.
TERM 82
Organic
fertilizer
DEFINITION 82
A soil amendment derived from natural sources that
guarantees at least the minimum percentages of nitrogen,
phosphate and potash.
TERM 83
Inorganic fertilizers
DEFINITION 83
A chemical product the provides nutrients to stimulate plant
growth.
TERM 84
Transpiration
DEFINITION 84
The process of water movement through a plant and its
evaporation from aerial parts such as leaves.
TERM 85
Water-holding capacity
DEFINITION 85
The amount of water that a given soil can hold for crop use.
Soil structure
The arrangement of soil particles and other soil materials.
TERM 92
Splash erosion
DEFINITION 92
Erosion from raindrops hitting bare soil.
TERM 93
Sheet erosion
DEFINITION 93
Erosion b downward sloping water.
TERM 94
Gully erosion
DEFINITION 94
Erosion that occurs when water accumulates and rapidly
flows in narrow channels.
TERM 95
Desert pavement
DEFINITION 95
A surface layer of closely packed or cemented pebbles, rock
fragments, etc. from which fine material has been removed
by wind in arid regions.
No-till agriculture
A way of farming without ever disturbing the land. Increasing
the amount of water and organic matter and decreasing
erosion.
TERM 97
Low-till farming
DEFINITION 97
Keeping soil disruption to a minimum but allowing seeds to
penetrate deeply.
TERM 98
Contour strip cropping
DEFINITION 98
A farming practice designed to minimize soil erosion. Using
the landscape to help water plants and alternating between
strips of erodible crops and soil conserving crops.
TERM 99
Shelterbelts
DEFINITION 99
A lie of trees or shrubs planted to protect an area.
TERM 100
U.S. Natural Resource Conservation
Service
DEFINITION 100
An organization implemented to help conserve natural
resources.
