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Exam 2 with Answers | Introduction to Psychology | PSYC 101, Exams of Psychology

Rice UniversityPsychology
Prof. James R. Pomerantz

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Pomerantz; Class: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY; Subject: Psychology; University: Rice University; Term: Spring 2008;

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Psychology 101 – Pomerantz – Exam 2 – March 20, 2008
Name:______________________________
Date:______________________________
Psychology 101 Exam 2 (March 20, 2008)
Rice University, Spring 2008
“On my honor, I have neither given not received aid on this exam.”
_____________________________________________
Part 1: Multiple Choice (40 questions worth 2 points each; please answer all of them using
your Scantron form)
1. Classical conditioning is an example of ________.
a) associative learning
b) avoidance learning
c) stimulus generalization
d) trace conditioning
e) contrapreparedness
2. The ________ occurs without requiring prior learning.
a) UR
b) US
c) USC
d) CS
e) CR
3. If Steven's ________ has been removed, then autonomic responses of fear will probably
disappear.
a) cerebellum
b) hippocampus
c) thyroid
d) hypothalamus
e) amygdala
4. The "gambling reinforcement schedule" is the same as a ________ schedule
a) fixed interval
b) variable ratio
c) fixed ratio
d) interval
e) variable interval
1
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pf5
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pf9
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Download Exam 2 with Answers | Introduction to Psychology | PSYC 101 and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Name:______________________________ Date:______________________________

Psychology 101 Exam 2 (March 20, 2008)

Rice University, Spring 2008

“On my honor, I have neither given not received aid on this exam.”

_____________________________________________

Part 1: Multiple Choice (40 questions worth 2 points each; please answer all of them using your Scantron form)

  1. Classical conditioning is an example of ________. a) associative learning b) avoidance learning c) stimulus generalization d) trace conditioning e) contrapreparedness
  2. The ________ occurs without requiring prior learning. a) UR b) US c) USC d) CS e) CR
  3. If Steven's ________ has been removed, then autonomic responses of fear will probably disappear. a) cerebellum b) hippocampus c) thyroid d) hypothalamus e) amygdala
  4. The "gambling reinforcement schedule" is the same as a ________ schedule a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) fixed ratio d) interval e) variable interval
  1. Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as ________. a) increase is to decrease b) good is to bad c) reward is to punish d) effect is to affect e) present is to remove
  2. All of the following are examples secondary reinforcers EXCEPT: a) good grades b) relief from pain c) praise d) attention e) money
  3. ________is synonymous with negative reinforcement. a) Shaping b) Discrimination c) Reward d) Extinction e) none of the above
  4. Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________. a) episodic memory b) implicit memory c) modal memory d) semantic memory e) working memory
  5. When Tiger Woods has a certain "feel" for how hard to putt the ball depending on the slope and distance to the hole, he is utilizing his ________ memory. a) iconic b) sensory c) implicit d) structural e) short-term
  6. Miller argued that short-term memory can hold ________ chunks at once. a) two b) limitless amounts of c) six d) from five to nine e) four
  1. When subjects are asked to scan a mental image, the relationship between the scan time and the size of the image is ________. a) negative b) curvilinear c) zero d) not known at this time e) positive
  2. Skinner believed that language was learned mainly through ________. a) genetic influences b) general cognitive abilities c) imitation and reinforcement d) observational learning e) the LAD
  3. Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language? a) When we think, we always make use of language. b) Language is the sole basis of thought. c) Language usually is not required in thought processes. d) Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn't the sole basis of thought. e) Language and thought are the same thing.
  4. As children acquire more language skills, they will start to use incorrect structures like "feets" and "runned". This illustrates ________. a) telegraphic speech b) the overregularization error c) dyslexia d) underextension e) overextension
  5. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________. a) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligence b) creating the first intelligence test c) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasks d) devising a universal definition of intelligence e) improving the American education system in the early 1900s
  6. Your intelligence quotient can be obtained by ________. a) multiplying your chronological age by your mental age and dividing the result by 100 b) dividing your mental age by your chronological age and multiplying the result by 100 c) dividing your chronological age by your mental age d) subtracting your chronological age from your mental age

e) dividing your mental age by your chronological age

  1. Norming a test involves setting two measures, the ________ and ________. a) the standard deviation and mean deviation b) mean and the standard deviation c) mean and the total distribution d) population mean and the sample mean e) mean and the average score
  2. The theory of multiple intelligences currently holds that there are ________ distinct forms of intelligence. a) twenty or more b) ten or twelve c) eight or nine d) countless e) three or four
  3. According to Thurstone, we have ________ separate primary mental ability (abilities). a) two b) hundreds of c) seven d) one e) ten
  4. Charles Spearman argued for the existence of ________. a) s only b) both g and s factors c) g only d) a single combined g+s factor e) neither g nor s
  5. According to Ekman, ________ would NOT be considered a basic emotion. a) anger b) fear c) disgust d) surprise e) guilt
  6. Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory? a) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. b) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. c) Emotions are changes in core affect. d) Emotions arise from learned triggers. e) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
  1. Freud proposed three personality structures: the id, the ego and the ________. a) subconsciousness b) superego c) consciousness d) preconsciousness e) superstructure
  2. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages? a) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital b) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency c) latency, anal, oral, phallic, genital d) anal, genital, phallic, latency, oral e) anal, genital, oral, phallic latency
  3. In the discussion of Gordon Allport's central traits , your text points out that whether or not traits are viewed a causing behavior, they aren't always accurate in predicting behavior because of ________. a) the situations in which we find ourselves exert power over our behavior, thoughts and feelings b) various forms of psychopathology interfere with accurate personality assessment c) the inconsistency with which we live our lives makes any prediction impossible d) trait instability is inherent in all of us e) invalid personality tests and what they suggest
  4. According to your text, if we define a trait narrowly, it better predicts behavior but: a) the trait can be applied to fewer situations. b) this is difficult because of the disagreement over how many traits there are. c) psychologists cannot agree on what such traits are. d) a narrow trait applies to a broader range of situations. e) the definitions are fixed and should not be altered.
  5. Which if the following is NOT one of the superfactors identified as the "Big Five?" a) agreeableness b) autonomy c) openness d) conscientiousness e) extraversion
  6. What have twin studies suggested about extroversion? a) It does not rise to the level of a superfactor. b) It is learned behavior. c) It is mostly inherited. d) It is a result of cognitive programming. e) It is partly inherited and partly environmental.

Part II: Short Answer (5 questions worth 4 points each). Choose 5 out of the following 7 questions. The length of your answers should range from just a short sentence or list, if that is sufficient, to a few sentences. Write your answers on the exam pages (Use the blank page at the end if needed).

  1. In class we discussed two memory metaphors. Identify and briefly describe both. Answer: Structural metaphor: Memories are likened to physical objects, which evokes terms like store , search , organize , and find when referring to them. Thinking of memories as letters in a file cabinet is a structural analogy. Procedural metaphor: Memories (as they are consciously experienced) do not exist until they are created through mental processes. They are not formed objects waiting to be retrieved but are more like melodies waiting to be played.
  2. How might expert chess players quickly learn a chess game layout? What is the name for their general strategy? Describe a situation when you would use this strategy to help. Answer: Experienced chess players may organize a chess game into a few pre- memorized configurations, reducing the amount of new information that needs to be memorized. This strategy is called "chunking". (Any answer where the student reorganizes raw/meaningless pieces of information into meaningful chunks. Example: (713) 314-2525 ---> (my area code) first three digits of pi - my age twice. Example: C D Eb F G Ab Bb C --> C minor scale.
  3. Name the three major types of learning studied by psychologists and others, and give a sentence or two explaining what each one is. Answer: besides habituation (the simplest form of learning because it involves no new associations, the main three types are classical (aka Pavlovian), operant (Skinnerian or instrumental), and cognitive. Classical starts with a reflex (US -> UCR) and pairs an initially neutral CS with the UCS so that after repeated pairings, the CS -> CR. In plain English, it involves the learning of an association between two stimuli (bell and food in mouth). Operant involves the learning that an initially neutral response, such as pressing on a bar, will lead to a reward or to a punishment, as when a rat learns that pushing a level leads to food. In plain English, operant learning involves learning the consequences of behaviors. Cognitive learning is of a higher order and involves acquisition of information unrelated to any reflex or to reinforcement or punishment. E.g., latent learning is the acquisition of information with no rewards involved, as when rats learn a maze simply by wandering through it.
  4. What are pragmatics in language processing? Give an example or two. Answer: pragmatics involves the comprehension of meaning in a sentence not through its syntax or semantics alone but through understanding of cultural conventions in the use of language. For example, if you encounter someone whose arm are full with suitcases asking you “Can you open the door,” that person is not asking a question about your abilities but instead is requesting a favor from you. Successful use of pragmatics requires that the language user have a broad understanding of the world and of the quirks of language use.