Download Child Development and Adolescence: Terms and Definitions from Piaget to Identity Formation and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Symbolic function substage
Creative and imaginative, egocentric - Inablility to distinguish someone elses opininon to be anything different than your own. TERM 2
Intuitive Thought Substage
DEFINITION 2 Primitive Reasoning, Difficulty performing concrete actions (tall vs fat glass, water amts) Cant reason because no schema of reversibility or centration lack of other points of view. TERM 3
Vygotsky
DEFINITION 3 Highlights the social contexts of learning. ZPD The ability to learn by doing with assistance, then on your own. TERM 4
Scaffolding
DEFINITION 4 Helping less and less as a student does better. TERM 5
Myelination
DEFINITION 5 Process by which the nerve cells are covered and isulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
Corpus Callosum
Location where right and left hemispheres connect in the brain. Myelination occurs here. TERM 7
Prefrontal Cortex
DEFINITION 7 Associated with planning, memory, attention executive functioning concentration on a single task. Maturation leads to: Regular sleep and emotional control. TERM 8
Limbic System
DEFINITION 8 amygdala registers positive and negative emotions. Hippocampus Central processing for memory. Hypothalamus Responds to signals from former two definitions. Produces hormones. TERM 9
General Trends in Motor Skills
DEFINITION 9 Girls are better than boys, increases collorationally to age. (better/older) TERM 10
Animism
DEFINITION 10 the child's belief that things are alive or have human characteristics because they move or grow.
Theories for Adolescent Storm and Stress
Jeffrey Arnett published an article in 1999 examining this phenomena G. Stanley Hall (1904) First to apply idea of storm & stress to adolescent development Storm and stress as biological and universal Acknowledged individual differences Margaret Mead (1928) Refuted the claim that storm & stress is biological and universal Did not hold for non-Western cultures Anna Freud (1950s, 1960s) Strong proponent of storm and stress argument Rooted in earlier experiences Universal and expected To be normal TERM 17
Periods of Adolescence
DEFINITION 17 Early adolescence 10 to 13 years old Middle Adolescence - 14-17 Late Adolesence - 18- TERM 18
Brain Development in Adolescence
DEFINITION 18 Limbic system matures at puberty Heightened emotional sensitivity Interest in novelty, reward, stimulation Prefrontal cortex matures several years later, Executive function Planning/problem- solving/impulse control/decision-making Time gap - may explain why adolescence is a period of heightened experimentation with risky behaviors, Heightened desire for reward/stimulation, Underdeveloped sober assessment of risks TERM 19
Puberty
DEFINITION 19 Age of puberty has decreased from 17 to 13 because of modern medicine, along with trends to stay longer attached to parents, has prolonged both puberty and adolescence. The physical, psychological, and cultural changes that occur as the growing child transitions into adulthood. or the process by which an individual becomes capable of reproduction. TERM 20
Hormonal Changes
DEFINITION 20 Increased production of : Testosterone in males and estrogen in females. This leads to growth spurts. 2ndary sex characteristics form due to hormones, such as breasts growth, deepening of voice, etc.
Primary Sex
Characteristics
Changes in the body structures that are directly involved in reproduction For girls, onset of menstruation For boys, increase in size of penis & testes and capacity to ejaculate Body Image - Physical changes have a huge impact on self-esteem, and body image, in particular: Boys who viewed themselves positively were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior Girls who viewed themselves in a positive way were less likely to engage in risky sexual behavior TERM 22
Early vs. Late Maturation
DEFINITION 22 EARLY Boys Positives - Popularity, higher self-esteem Negatives - Deviant, risk behaviors; more rigidity later Girls Positives - Popularity Negatives - Lower self-esteem, eating disorders, emotions, deviant behavior LATE Boys Positives - Higher levels of creativity, inventiveness Negatives - Low self-esteem, low social competence Girls Positives - Thinner build Negatives - Social withdrawal TERM 23
Risky Behavior -
examples
DEFINITION 23 Sexual Activity Violence/Bullying Drug & Alcohol Use Reckless Driving Delinquency/Criminal Acts TERM 24
Alcohol Use
DEFINITION 24 Age of initiation :Boys, 11 years; Girls, 13 years Drinking on a regular basis, 15.9 years -May occur in isolation, however, may occur in combination with other risk behaviors - Associated with depression, anxiety, conduct disorders TERM 25
Sexual Experimentation
DEFINITION 25 About of 9 12th graders report having sex By age 18, 65- 70% of teens report being sexually active Age of initiation of sexual intercourse Boys, 16.9 years; Girls, 17.4 years Prevalence of oral sex, male teens between 15 & 19 49% received oral sex; 39% had given oral sex
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Used started at the Formal Operation Stage, one creates a hypothesis and attempts to test the hypothesis for its validity. TERM 32
Adolescent Egocentrism
DEFINITION 32 the heightened self-consciousness of adolescences. contains two key components: TERM 33
Imaginary Audience
DEFINITION 33 Adolescents believe that people are overly sensitive to perceived weaknesses and faults of the adolescent. TERM 34
Personal
Fable
DEFINITION 34 New found "unique" characteristics of adolescence leads them to believe that they are not understandable, and can lead to feelings of invincibility, frustration and close mindedness. TERM 35
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
DEFINITION 35 Erik Erikson 5th Stage of Psychosocial Development - Goal to achieve coherent identity & to avoid confusion
Maricas Identity Statuses
Involves 2 steps Exploration (or Crisis) of meaningful alternatives Commitment to individual identity TERM 37
Identity
DEFINITION 37 Position on occupation and ideology Moratorium - Present on crisis , absent on commitment (searching for identity) Foreclosure - Absent on crisis, present on commitment (identity already decided) Diffusion - Absend on criss and commitment (Not having an identity and not seraching for one) Achievement (Present on crisis and commitment (Succefully achieved an identity that you comepletly agree with) TERM 38
Friendships and Peer Groups
DEFINITION 38 influence identity and choices an adolesence makes during lifetime. TERM 39
Parenting
DEFINITION 39 large influence on identity, also has affects on all other aspects of life & development.
