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Chemistry Exam Answers and Explanations for General Chemistry Spring 2011, Quizzes of Organic Chemistry

The answers and explanations for a general chemistry exam held in spring 2011. It covers topics such as entropy, enthalpy, spontaneity, ideal gas law, and thermodynamic justifications for spiritual practices.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 02/10/2011

bjh5199
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This is a sample test he gave us to take before the first exam. He originally highlighted all of the correct
answers but that defeats the purpose of taking the test, so I put all of the correct answers at the bottom of
the test instead. Good luck!
Exam 2 – ANSWER KEY TOTAL POINTS = 98
General Chemistry Spring 2011
1. Entropy is:
a) a measure of spontaneity in a system
b) a measure of the possible arrangements of a system
c) the sum of heat and work
d) all of the above
2. Enthalpy is:
a) a measure of spontaneity in a system
b) a measure of the possible arrangements of a system
c) the sum of heat and work
d) none of the above
3. A reaction will be spontaneous when:
a) deltaS(sys) is positive
b) deltaS(surr) is positive
c) either (a) or (b)
d) none of the above
4. In the reaction:
Ba(OH)2 8H2O (s) + 2 NH4NO3 (s) à Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NH3 (g) + 10 H2O(l) the reaction entropy is
expected to:
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain unchanged
d) there is too little info to tell
5. If deltaG = 0 for a system then
a) deltaS(total) > 0
b) deltaS(total) < 0
c) the system is at equilibrium
d) the temperature of the system is 0 K.
6. Which of the below reactions corresponds to the definition of C-H bond enthalpy?
a) C + H --> C-H
b) 1/4 [CH4 --> C (g) + 4H (g)]
e) 1/4 [C(graphite) + 2 H2 (g) --> CH4]
f) 1/4 [CH4 --> C(graphite) + 2 H2 (g) ]
7. Which statement below is false?
a) The ideal gas law shows the mathematical relationship between pressure, volume, temperature and
moles of gas.
b) The pressure of a gas in a closed container will increase if the temperature is increased.
c) The volume of 1.0 mole of a gas at 1 bar pressure and 25 deg C will depend on how many atoms are in
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This is a sample test he gave us to take before the first exam. He originally highlighted all of the correct answers but that defeats the purpose of taking the test, so I put all of the correct answers at the bottom of the test instead. Good luck! Exam 2 – ANSWER KEY TOTAL POINTS = 98 General Chemistry Spring 2011

  1. Entropy is: a) a measure of spontaneity in a system b) a measure of the possible arrangements of a system c) the sum of heat and work d) all of the above
  2. Enthalpy is: a) a measure of spontaneity in a system b) a measure of the possible arrangements of a system c) the sum of heat and work d) none of the above
  3. A reaction will be spontaneous when: a) deltaS(sys) is positive b) deltaS(surr) is positive c) either (a) or (b) d) none of the above
  4. In the reaction: Ba(OH)2 8H2O (s) + 2 NH4NO3 (s) à Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NH3 (g) + 10 H2O(l) the reaction entropy is expected to: a) increase b) decrease c) remain unchanged d) there is too little info to tell
  5. If deltaG = 0 for a system then a) deltaS(total) > 0 b) deltaS(total) < 0 c) the system is at equilibrium d) the temperature of the system is 0 K.
  6. Which of the below reactions corresponds to the definition of C-H bond enthalpy? a) C + H --> C-H b) 1/4 [CH4 --> C (g) + 4H (g)] e) 1/4 [C(graphite) + 2 H2 (g) --> CH4] f) 1/4 [CH4 --> C(graphite) + 2 H2 (g) ]
  7. Which statement below is false? a) The ideal gas law shows the mathematical relationship between pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas. b) The pressure of a gas in a closed container will increase if the temperature is increased. c) The volume of 1.0 mole of a gas at 1 bar pressure and 25 deg C will depend on how many atoms are in

each molecule of gas. d) The pressure of a gas in a closed container will increase if the container volume is decreased.

  1. A metal spoon sitting on a hot stove has gotten very hot. If it is carefully picked up and placed into a glass of ice water, which of the following happens? a) The entropy of the water increases. b) The metal atoms in the spoon move more slowly. c) deltaH(spoon) = - deltaH(water+glass) d) All of the above will happen.
  2. Lactose—C12H22O11—is the “sugar” in milk. When lactose is oxidized by oxygen it produces carbon dioxide, water and heat. Lots of heat: DH = -5130 kJ/mol lactose. How much heat is produced per mole of oxygen consumed? (5 points)
  3. Hydrazine N2H4 is a rocket fuel. The reaction below shows how hydrazine reacts with the oxidant hydrogen peroxide. (All molecules are gas phase.) (5 points) Without doing any calculations, explain why this reaction is so highly exothermic.
  4. Explain why an air-filled balloon shrinks when placed into liquid nitrogen. (5 points)
  5. The reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ‡ PCl5(s) is spontaneous at room temperature. Predict whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your prediction. (5 points)
  6. Many cultures worship the sun as a god. Propose a thermodynamic justification for these spiritual practices. (8 points)
  7. Minerals exposed to the atmosphere can change over time. For example, the mineral magnetite, Fe3O4 in contact with oxygen in the air will form the mineral hematite, Fe2O3. (12 ponts) a) Calculate the free energy change for the reaction of hematite formation, Fe2O3, from magnetite, Fe3O4. You may assume that the only species involved in the reaction are those shown below: Fe3O4 and O2 form Fe2O b) Is this reaction predicted by thermodynamics to spontaneously occur?
  8. The standard free energy of formation for N2O4 is +97 kJ/mol and indicates that N2O4 is thermodynamically unstable towards decomposition to the elements. (12 points) a) Explain what “standard free energy of formation “ means. b) What reaction is indicated by the phrase “decomposition to the elements”? c) Why is decomposition of N2O4 likely to happen?

1. B

2. D

3. D

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. C

8. D

9. C12H22O11 + 12 O6 --> 11 H2O + 12 CO

-5130 kJ/mol lactose x 1 mol lactose/ 12 mol O2 = - 427.5 kJ/mol O

10. The bond enthalpy for a triple N-N bond is one of the very largest values. Thus, there is much

more heat released on formation of a N-N triple bond than the heat required to break 4 N-H bonds and a O-O bond. There is in addition, heat produced by the formation of additional O-H bonds.

11. Again using the relationship PV=nRT, only T has increased when the balloon is submerged into

liquid N2 at –200 deg C. There is no change in pressure—atmospheric pressure on the balloon remains the same— and there is no change n the number of moles of gas. So V (of balloon) decreases.

12. The reaction of two gases to form a solid will certainly have decreasing entropy, a deltaS < 0. The

reaction is stated to be spontaneous, so that deltaG must be < 0. Since delta G = deltaH – TdeltaS, the only way for deltaG to be negative is if deltaH is very negative to compensate for the –TdeltaS term that will be positive.

13. These cultures are humans who live by respiration, a process that produces energy (free energy

of respiration is negative and spontaneous) to keep them alive through the oxidation of carbohydrates, like glucose. The carbohydrates originate from plants, whch make the carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is not a spontaneous process (free energy is positive) but is made possible through the energy in the form of light from the sun. The sun is responsible for all life on earth.

First balance the equation! 2Fe3O4 + 1/2 O2 --> 3Fe2O delta G(rxn) = delta G(products) - delta G(rgts) = 3 delta G (Fe2O3) – 2 delta G (Fe3O4) – 1/ delta G (O2) = = 3 (-742.2) – 2(-1015.4) – 1/2 (O) = -195.8 kJ (for formation of 3 mole Fe2O3 ) If the reaction is balanced as: 4Fe3O4 + O2 ‡ 6Fe2O delta G(rxn) = delta G(products) - delta G(rgts) = 6 delta G (Fe2O3) – 4 delta G (Fe3O4) – delta G (O2) = = 6(-742.2) – 4(-1015.4) – 1/2 (O) = -391.6 kJ (for formation of 6 mole Fe2O3)

a. b) Yes it is spontaneous because delta G(rxn) <

a. Standard free energy of formation is the free energy to form one mole of a molecule from

the elements in their most stable state at 25 deg C and 1 bar pressure.

b. N2O4 --> N2 + 2O

c. The decomposition, the reverse reaction, will have deltaG = -97 kJ/mol and will be

spontaneous.

16. At the boiling point of ethanol, C2H5OH (l) is in equilibrium with C2H5OH , (g).

C2H5OH (l) --> C2H5OH (g) Therefore for delta G = deltaH – TdeltaS, deltaG = 0. And delta H = Tdelta S Find deltaH and deltaS values for C2H5OH (l) and C2H5OH (g). delta H ( C2H5OH , (g)) - delta H ( C2H5OH , (l )) = T delta S ( C2H5OH , (g)) - delta S ( C2H5OH , (l)) -235.1 – (-277.69) = T (282.7 – 160.7) 42.59 kJ/mol = T(0.122 kJ/K mol) T = 349.1 K = 76.1 deg C.

17. delta H (spoon) = - deltaH (water+glass)

deltaH = mass x heat capacity x change temperature so: delta H (spoon) = - deltaH (water+glass) 100g x 0.22 J/ g deg x (T(final) – 93 deg C) = -(250 g x 4.18 J/ g deg x (T(final) – 25 deg C) T(final) = 26.4 deg C.