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Exam 2: NU664C/ NU 664C (NEW 2025/ 2026 Update) Guide|100% Correct-Regis
Typology: Exams
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Persistentl Depressivel Disorderl (Dysthymia) Answer: Al chronicl forml ofl depressionl lastingl forl atl leastl 2 l yearsl inl adults.withdrawall froml society;l lossl ofl interest;l andinactivityl andl lackl ofl productivity Symptomsl arel generallyl lessl severel butl morel persistentl thanl majorl depressivel disorder. l associatedl withl feelingsl ofl inadequacy,l guilt,l irritability,l andl anger;
Melancholicl Depression:. Answer: Characterizedl byl al severel lossl ofl pleasurel inl mostl activities.(l anhedonia) Oftenl includesl significantl weightl loss,l guiltl overl triviall events,l andl earlyl morningl awakening.
Atypicall Depression: Answer: Moodl reactivityl (moodl improvementl inl responsel tol positivel events)l canl havel variationsl ofl anxiety Increasedl appetitel orl weightl gain,l excessivel sleepiness,l leadenl paralysis,l andl sensitivityl tol rejection.
Psychoticl Depression: Answer: Majorl depressionl accompaniedl byl psychosisl (hallucinationsl orl delusions). Requiresl immediatel intervention,l oftenl withl antipsychoticsl andl antidepressants.
Postpartuml Depression: Answer: Occursl afterl childbirth,l involvingl symptomsl similarl tol majorl depressivel disorder. Riskl factorsl includel al historyl ofl depression,l hormonall changes,l andl psychosociall stressors.
Childhoodl Depression:. Answer: Mayl presentl differentlyl inl children,l includingl irritabilityl andl behaviorall issues. Requiresl carefull assessmentl tol distinguishl froml typicall developmentall behaviors.
childhoodl depressionl symptoms Answer: <l agel 3:l Feedingl problems,l tantrums,l lackl ofl playfulnessl andl emotionall expressiveness Agesl 3 l tol 5:l Accidentl proneness,l phobias,l excessivel self-reproach Agesl 6 l tol 8:l Physicall complaints,l aggressivel behavior,l clingingl behavior Agesl 9 l tol 12:l Morbidl thoughtsl andl excessivel worrying
premenstruall dysphoricl disorderl (PMDD)
Generalizedl Anxietyl Disorderl (GAD): Answer: Excessivel anxietyl andl worryl occurringl morel daysl thanl notl forl atl leastl 6 l months. Associatedl withl threel orl morel ofl thel followingl symptoms:l restlessness,l beingl easilyl fatigued,l difficultyl concentrating,l irritability,l musclel tension,l andl sleepl disturbances.
panicl disorder Answer: Recurrent,l unexpectedl panicl attacks. Atl leastl onel ofl thel attacksl followedl byl 1 l monthl orl morel ofl persistentl concernl orl worryl aboutl additionall panicl attacksl orl theirl consequences,l and/orl al significantl maladaptivel changel inl behaviorl relatedl tol thel attacks.
Sociall Anxietyl Disorderl (Sociall Phobia): Answer: Markedl fearl orl anxietyl aboutl onel orl morel sociall situationsl inl whichl thel individuall isl exposedl tol possiblel scrutinyl byl others. Fearl ofl actingl inl al wayl orl showingl anxietyl symptomsl thatl willl bel negativelyl evaluated.
Separationl Anxietyl Disorderl (Childhoodl Anxietyl Disorder): Answer: Developmentallyl inappropriatel andl excessivel fearl orl anxietyl concerningl separationl froml thosel tol whoml thel individuall isl attached. Persistentl worryl aboutl losingl majorl attachmentl figuresl orl aboutl possiblel harml tol them.
Specificl Phobia:
Answer: Markedl fearl orl anxietyl aboutl al specificl objectl orl situation. Thel phobicl objectl orl situationl almostl alwaysl provokesl immediatel fearl orl anxietyl andl isl activelyl avoided. thel anxietyl usuallyl occursl immediatelyl afterl exposurel tol thel objectl orl situation.l Thel resultl isl eitherl avoidancel orl painfull endurance.l Itl shouldl lastl forl atl leastl 6 l months.
Obsessive-Compulsivel Disorderl (OCD): Answer: Presencel ofl obsessions,l compulsions,l orl both. Obsessionsl arel recurrentl andl persistentl thoughts,l urges,l orl imagesl thatl arel intrusivel andl unwanted. Compulsionsl arel repetitivel behaviorsl orl mentall actsl thatl thel individuall feelsl drivenl tol performl inl responsel tol anl obsession.
Structurall changesl ofl ocd Answer: Studiesl havel foundl reducedl grayl matterl volumel inl thel OFC,l ACC,l andl striatuml inl individualsl withl OCD
underlyingl mechanismsl ofl OCD Answer: Theyl suggestl thatl thel disorderl involvesl dysregulationl inl specificl brainl circuitsl thatl controll thoughts,l emotions,l andl behaviors.
nightmaresl inl ptsd Answer:
consequences.l Afterl suchl exposures,l itl isl importantl notl tol engagel inl thel usuall compulsivel response.
Thel mostl effectivel treatmentl forl thel hoardingl disorder Answer: isl al cognitive-behaviorall modell thatl includesl trainingl inl decisionl makingl andl categorizing;l exposurel andl habituationl tol discarding;l andl cognitivel restructuring
hairl pullingl disorder Answer: Alsol knownl asl trichotillomania;l al distressingl probleml inl whichl individualsl compulsivelyl pulll hairl outl (typicallyl froml thel scalp),l resultingl inl varyingl degreesl ofl disability,l sociall stigma,l andl alteredl appearance.
treatmentl forl trichotillomania Answer: hair-pullingl disorder,l likel OCDl andl BDD,l respondedl morel robustlyl tol clomipraminel thanl tol desipramine.
Habitl reversall trainingl (HRT) Answer: isl al setl ofl cognitive-behaviorall techniquesl thatl havel beenl shownl efficaciousl inl thel treatmentl ofl childhoodl andl adultl hair-pullingl disorder.l andl excoriation
Bodyl Dysmorphicl Disorderl (BDD)
Answer: Personsl havel persistentl preoccupationsl aboutl onel orl morel perceivedl defectsl orl flawsl inl one'sl appearance.l Thel defectsl orl flawsl appearsl lightl orl arel notl observablel tol others.
hordingl disorder Answer: havel persistentl andl profoundl difficultyl discardingl orl partingl withl theirl possessions.l Thel disorderl leadsl tol significantl congestionl andl clutterl andl substantivel distressl orl impairment,l differentiatingl itl froml regularl collecting.
whichl ssril isl mostl welll knownl forl causingl thel septall heartl defectl earlyl inl pregnancyl andl al veryl shortl halfl life. Answer: paroxetinel orl Paxil,
forl yourl patientsl thatl mightl missl theirl doses,l whatl ssril isl al goodl choice Answer: Prozac
whatl isl onel ofl thel mostl commonlyl usedl medicationsl forl OCD. Answer: clomipraminel orl Anafranill andl TCAsl theyl carryl al riskl ofl increasedl QTc.
Nonel ofl thesel arel FDAl approved,l treatmentsl forl ocdl b
nol absolutel contraindicationsl *spacel occupyingl cnsl lesionsl atl increasedl riskl forl edemal andl brainl herniationl postl ect,l increasedl intracerebrall pressure/atl riskl forl brainl bleeds,l recentl MIl (withinl 2 l weeks)
TMSl (transcraniall magneticl stimulation)l contraindications Answer: Contraindicatedl seizures,l hardwarel inl head,l pregnancy,l metall implantsl likel pacemakers,l severel headl trauma,l possilbyl headaches
NACl N-acetyll cysteine Answer: helpsl tol refilll glutathionel levelsl inl thel body.l Itl alsol aidsl inl controllingl al neurotransmitterl calledl glutamatel andl canl lessenl inflammationl andl damagel causedl byl oxidativel stress
PTSDl andl Sleep:(trauma) Answer: Nightmaresl andl insomnial arel commonl symptomsl ofl PTSD,l al mentall healthl conditionl triggeredl byl experiencingl orl witnessingl al traumaticl event.
Nightmares:(trauma) Answer: Nightmares,l oftenl replayingl thel traumaticl eventl orl containingl trauma-relatedl themes,l arel al keyl featurel ofl PTSD.
Sleepl Architecture:(trauma) Answer: Traumal canl alterl sleepl architecture,l affectingl howl thel bodyl movesl throughl sleepl cyclesl andl stages,l particularlyl REMl sleep.
Hyperarousal:(trauma) Answer: Thel body'sl stressl response,l includingl increasedl heartl ratel andl heightenedl alertness,l canl remainl activel evenl afterl al traumaticl experience,l leadingl tol difficultyl relaxingl andl fallingl asleep.
Fearl andl Anxiety:l (trauma) Answer: Thel fearl andl anxietyl associatedl withl traumal canl makel itl difficultl tol relaxl andl windl downl forl sleep,l leadingl tol insomnia
EMDRl (eyel movementl desensitizationl andl reprocessing) Answer: al structuredl therapyl thatl usesl bilaterall stimulationl (likel eyel movements)l tol helpl individualsl processl traumaticl memoriesl andl reducel theirl emotionall intensity
Somaticl therapy Answer: Thisl approachl focusesl onl thel body'sl responsel tol trauma,l helpingl individualsl releasel physicall tensionl andl restorel al sensel ofl groundingl andl emotionall regulation.
Answer: Inhibitl thel reuptakel ofl bothl serotoninl andl norepinephrine.Weaklyl blocksl dopaminel reuptakel pump Sidel effects:l Increasedl bloodl pressure,l sweating,l nausea.
Examplesl ofl SNRI Answer: Venlafaxinel (Effexor) Duloxetinel (Cymbalta)
SNRIl sidel effects Answer: .unwantedl actionsl ofl serotoninl inl sleepl centersl causingl insomnia,l unwantedl actionl norepi-decreasedl appetite,l increasedl bloodl pressure,l urinaryl retention,
Answer: Increasel serotoninl levelsl byl inhibitingl itsl reuptakel inl thel brain. Sidel effects:l Sexuall dysfunction,l gastrointestinall issues,l insomnia
Examplesl ofl SSRIs Answer: fluoxetinel (Prozac) sertralinel (Zoloft) paroxetinel (Paxil) fluvoxaminel (Luvox)
SSRIl sidel effects Answer: BADl SSRI Bl - l Bodyl weightl increase; Al - l Anxiety/Agitation; Dl - l Dizziness;l Dryl mouth Sl - l Serotoninl syndrome; Sl - l Stimulatedl CNS; Rl - l Reproductive/Sexuall dysfunction Il - l Insomnia;
Tricyclicl Antidepressantsl (TCAs): Answer: Blockl reuptakel ofl serotoninl andl norepinephrine,l alsol affectingl otherl neurotransmitters. Sidel effects:l Weightl gain,l dryl mouth,l blurredl vision,l andl cardiotoxicity.l Baselinel ECGl isl recommendedl forl patientsl overl age
Examplesl ofl TCAs Answer: amitriptylinel (Elavil) imipraminel (Tofranil) desipramine clomipraminel (Anafranil) nortriptylinel (Pamelor)
TCAl sidel effects Answer: 3Csl - l cardiotoxicity,l coma,l convulsions
cognitive-behaviorall therapyl (CBT) Answer: al popularl integrativel therapyl thatl combinesl cognitivel therapyl (changingl self-defeatingl thinking)l withl behaviorl therapyl (changingl behavior)l - l Identifyl andl challengel automaticl thoughts
interpersonall therapyl (IPT),- Answer: currentl interpersonall problemsl arel likelyl tol havel theirl rootsl inl earlyl dysfunctionall relationships.l discoverl interpersonall vulnerabilitiesl arisingl froml earlyl attachmentl patterns-l Developl awarenessl ofl patternsl inl primaryl relationshipsl andl thel therapeuticl relationshipsl andl otherl modalities.
limbicl systeml function Answer: regulationl ofl emotion;l memory;l appetite;l autonomic,l neuroendrocrine;l olfaction
depressedl patientsl havel anl overactive Answer: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenall (HPA)l axis.
Deficienciesl withl serotonin,l norepinephrinel andl dopamine- Answer: mostl oftenl associatedl withl thel pathophysiologyl ofl depression,l dopaminel mayl alsol playl al role.
geneticl factorsl ofl depression Answer: variancesl inl allelesl inl thel serotoninl transporter(5HTTP/SLC6A4),l orl thel dopaminel receptorl (DRD4)
Hormonall imbalancesl ofl depression Answer:
Stressl factorsl ofl depression Answer: grief,l lossl dysfunctionall interpersonall relationshipsl andl trauma
Transcraniall Magneticl Stimulationl (TMS): Answer: thel usel ofl strongl magnetsl tol brieflyl interruptl normall brainl activityl asl al wayl tol studyl brainl regionsl Non-invasivel procedurel usingl magneticl fieldsl tol stimulatel nervel cellsl inl thel brain.Treatmentsl thatl targetl bioelectricall pathwaysl mayl bel primarilyl electricall (e.g.,l electroconvulsivel therapyl [ECT],l repetitivel transcraniall magneticl stimulationl [rTMS],
Treatmentsl thatl targetl bioelectricall pathwaysl mayl bel primarilyl electrical Answer:
Answer: traumal triggersl andl moodl instability.
Vagusl Nervel Stimulationl (VNS): Answer: Thel vagusl nervel connectsl tol thel entericl nervousl systeml and,l whenl stimulated,l mayl causel thel releasel ofl peptidesl thatl actl asl neurotransmitters.
Phototherapy- Answer: typicallyl involvesl exposingl thel affectedl patientl tol brightlightl inl thel rangel ofl 1,500l tol 10,000l luxl orl more,l typicallyl withl al lightboxl thatl sitsl onl al tablel orl desk.l Patientsl sitl inl frontl ofl thel boxl forl approximatelyl 1tol 2 l hoursl beforel dawnl eachl day
Answer: Mechanism:l Involvesl inducingl controlledl seizuresl vial electricall stimulationl tol thel brain
indicationsl forl ect Answer: Indications:l Severel orl treatment-resistantl depression,l psychoticl depression,l andl acutel suicidall ideation. Procedure:l Typicallyl administeredl 2 - 3 l timesl perl week,l upl tol 6 - 12 l sessions. Sidel Effects:l Short-terml memoryl loss,l confusionl post-treatment,l physicall sidel effectsl likel headachel andl musclel soreness
Specificl Phobia: Answer: Markedl fearl orl anxietyl aboutl al specificl objectl orl situation. Thel phobicl objectl orl situationl almostl alwaysl provokesl immediatel fearl orl anxietyl andl isl activelyl avoided. thel anxietyl usuallyl occursl immediatelyl afterl exposurel tol thel objectl orl situation.l Thel resultl isl eitherl avoidancel orl painfull endurance.l Itl shouldl lastl forl atl leastl 6 l months.
Depersonalization-derealizationl disorder: Answer: Characterizedl byl feelingsl ofl detachmentl froml one'sl ownl bodyl (depersonalization)l orl thel externall worldl (derealization)
.l Dissociativel amnesia: Answer: Lossl ofl memoryl forl significantl personall events,l whichl canl rangel froml specificl incidentsl tol entirel periodsl ofl life.
Dissociativel identityl disorderl (DID): Answer: Thel presencel ofl twol orl morel distinctl identitiesl orl personalityl statesl thatl alternatel andl takel controll ofl thel person'sl behavior
Otherl specifiedl dissociativel disorder: Answer: Includesl experiencesl ofl dissociationl thatl dol notl meetl thel criterial forl otherl dissociativel disorders,l suchl as: