Download Exam 2 | BIOL 1060 - Environmental Biology and more Quizzes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!
7 billion
Human population growth: TERM 2
technology, medical care, sanitation, and
food.
DEFINITION 2 What does population growth result from? TERM 3
IPAT model
DEFINITION 3 Our total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T). TERM 4
Demography
DEFINITION 4 the application of population ecology to the study of human populations TERM 5
Extreme climate biomes (desert, deep
rainforest, and tundra)
DEFINITION 5 Where is population density the lowest?
temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates
(China, Europe, Mexico, South Africa, and
India)
Where is population density the highest? TERM 7
total fertility rate
(TFR)
DEFINITION 7 the average number of children born per female TERM 8
replacement fertility
DEFINITION 8 TFR that keeps the size of a population stable TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 For humans, replacement fertility = TERM 10
Urbanization
DEFINITION 10 What decreases TFR?
industrial stage
creates employment opportunities, particularly for women, causing the birth rate to fall. TERM 17
post-industrial stage
DEFINITION 17 both birth rates and death rates remain low and populations stabilize or decline slightly TERM 18
population growth
DEFINITION 18 What is population strongly correlated with? TERM 19
environmental impact
DEFINITION 19 Consumption from affluence creates ...? TERM 20
agriculture
DEFINITION 20 the practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption
rangeland
pasture, the land used for livestock. TERM 22
large-scale fossil-fuel
combustion&mechanization
DEFINITION 22 What did the industrial revolution introduce? TERM 23
mix of rock, organic matter, water, gases,
nutrients, and microorganisms
DEFINITION 23 What is healthy soil? TERM 24
50% mineral matter,up to 5% organic matter,
&the rest is pore space filled with air or water
DEFINITION 24 What does soil consist of? TERM 25
parent material
DEFINITION 25 base geological material in a location. It may be composed of volcanic deposits, glacier deposits, sediments from wind or water, or bedrock.
leaching
picks up minerals and particles in the soil and transports them to another location, generally downward. TERM 32
A horizon (topsoil)
DEFINITION 32 The crucial horizon for agriculture and ecosystems TERM 33
topsoil
DEFINITION 33 consists of mostly inorganic mineral components with some organic matter and humus. TERM 34
forest removal, cropland agriculture, and
overgrazing by livestock.
DEFINITION 34 What is soil degradation caused by? TERM 35
Common problems affecting soil productivity
include:
DEFINITION 35 erosion, desertification, salinization, waterlogging, nutrient depletion, structural breakdown, and pollution.
erosion
the removal of material from one place and its transport to another by the action of wind or water. TERM 37
deposition
DEFINITION 37 the arrival of eroded material at its new location. TERM 38
splash, sheet, rill, and gully.
DEFINITION 38 4 types of water erosion: TERM 39
desertification
DEFINITION 39 loss of more than 10% productivity due to soil erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, depletion of water sources, or an array of other factors. TERM 40
crop rotation
DEFINITION 40 the practice of alternating the kind of crop grown in a particular field from one season or year to the next.
waterlogging
happens when soils become too saturated with water, damaging soil and suffocating plant roots. TERM 47
salinization
DEFINITION 47 the buildup of salts in surface soil layers. TERM 48
inorganic fertilizers
DEFINITION 48 mined or synthetically manufactured mineral supplements. TERM 49
overgrazing
DEFINITION 49 when too many animals eat too much plant cover, impeding plant growth and replacement of biomass. TERM 50
increased erosion, invasion of non-native
plants, and compacted soil
DEFINITION 50 What can overgrazing result in?
malnutrition
Those who receive too few nutrients suffer from TERM 52
overnourished
DEFINITION 52 Those who receive too many calories each day are TERM 53
food security
DEFINITION 53 the guarantee of an adequate, reliable, and available food supply to all people at all times. TERM 54
monoculture
DEFINITION 54 Industrialized agriculture plants huge fields of a single type of crop, TERM 55
green revolution
DEFINITION 55 Farmers in the United States had been dramatically increasing their yields using new methods and technology.
pollination
the process by which male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of the same species of plant; it is the botanical version of sexual intercourse. TERM 62
genetic engineering
DEFINITION 62 any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organisms genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA. TERM 63
genetically modified organisms
DEFINITION 63 organisms that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology, developed in the 1970s by scientists studying the Escherichia coli bacterium. TERM 64
biotechnology
DEFINITION 64 the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms. TERM 65
seed banks
DEFINITION 65 institutions store seeds from crop varieties, keeping them in cold, dry conditions to encourage long-term viability.
feedlots or factory farms
concentrated animal feeding operations in which animals are housed in huge warehouses or pens where energy-rich food is provided to animals living at extremely high densities. TERM 67
greater the proportion of the suns energy we
put to use as food, and the more people Earth
can support
DEFINITION 67 The lower in the food chain our food sources are TERM 68
aquaculture
DEFINITION 68 Raising fish and shellfish on fish farms in controlled environments is TERM 69
sustainable agriculture
DEFINITION 69 farming that does not deplete soils faster than they form and does not reduce the amount of healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production. TERM 70
low-input agriculture
DEFINITION 70 farming that uses smaller amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than is used in industrial agriculture
subspecies
Biodiversity exists below the species level in the form of TERM 77
genetic diversity
DEFINITION 77 encompasses the differences in DNA composition among individuals within species and populations. TERM 78
ecosystem diversity
DEFINITION 78 Biodiversity exists above the species level in the form of TERM 79
extirpation
DEFINITION 79 the extinction of a certain population from a given area, but not the entire species globally, is called TERM 80
background rate of
extinction
DEFINITION 80 Most extinctions preceding the appearance of humans have occurred one by one, at a rate that paleontologists refer to as the
Major causes of biodiversity loss
Habitat alteration Invasive species Pollution Overharvesting Climate change All five of the primary causes for population declines are exacerbated by human population growth and rising per capita consumption. TERM 82
conservation biology
DEFINITION 82 a scientific discipline devoted to understanding the factors, forces, and processes that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of biological diversity. TERM 83
biodiversity hotspots
DEFINITION 83 areas that support an especially great diversity of species, particularly species that are endemic to the area, that is, found nowhere else in the world. TERM 84
urbanization
DEFINITION 84 The shift from rural to urban living, may be the single greatest change our society has undergone since we changed from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary agricultural one TERM 85
sprawl
DEFINITION 85 term that has become laden with meanings, but simply, it is the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.
maximum sustainable yield
the maximum amount of resource extraction possible while not depleting the resource from one harvest to the next. TERM 92
ecosystem-based management
DEFINITION 92 attempts to manage the harvesting of resources in ways that minimize impacts on the ecosystems and ecological processes that provide the resource. TERM 93
adaptive management
DEFINITION 93 involves systematically testing different management approaches with the aim of improving methods as time goes on, including changing practices in midstream if necessary TERM 94
deforestation
DEFINITION 94 has altered ecosystems and caused soil degradation, population declines, and species extinctions. TERM 95
clear-cutting
DEFINITION 95 the easiest and most cost-efficient method in the short term, but it has the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
salvage logging
In the wake of the 2003 California fires, the U.S. Congress passed the Healthy Forests Restoration Act, which encourages prescribed burns and physical removal of small trees, underbrush, and dead trees by timber companies, called TERM 97
national parks
DEFINITION 97 publicly held lands protected from extraction and development but open to the public for nature appreciation and recreation. TERM 98
national wildlife
refuge
DEFINITION 98 another type of protected area and is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. TERM 99
land trusts
DEFINITION 99 local and regional organizations that preserve lands in their natural condition. TERM 100
biosphere reserves
DEFINITION 100 tracts of land with exceptional biodiversity that couple preservation with sustainable development to benefit the local people.
