Download Exam 1 (Summer Session) | BIO 2604 - Human Phys & Lab and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
What is physiology?
The study of how the parts in an organism function TERM 2
What is the major underlying theme of
physiology?
DEFINITION 2 Homeostasis TERM 3
What is homeostasis?
DEFINITION 3 the relative consistency of the internal environment in the face of fluctuating external environment.Ex. Body Sweating when hot to maintain normal body temperature of 98.6.Ex. Shivering when cold increasing heat so that body temp can stay at 98.6. TERM 4
What would happen if the human equilibrium
with the environment?
DEFINITION 4 The body would not function properly, because a certain temperature of 98.6 is needed for certain processes of the body, cells, organs, etc. TERM 5
What are the two primary methods of
maintaining homeostasis in the human body?
DEFINITION 5 Negative Loops:maintains both short-term and long-term homeostasisPositive Loops:maintains long-term homeostasis.
Negative Loops
Negative feedback loops occur when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set- point.Examples:if internal body temperature starts to decrease in response to a lowered temperature in the external environment, a person will curl up to reduce surface area to decrease heat loss, a person may put on a jacket to decrease heat loss, a person may do vasoconstriction at the surface of the skin to decrease blood flow and decrease heat loss, and a person may start to shiver to increase heat production.orSweating when it's hot to release heat. TERM 7
Positive
loops
DEFINITION 7 Positive feedback loops occur when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value. Positive feedback loops essentially move a value further and further from set-point until some specific goal is reached.Ex. Contractions, Ovulation, Blood clotting TERM 8
What is the Scientific
Method?
DEFINITION 8 Scientific Method includes the steps of observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusions, and communicationwhich eventually lead to a theory. TERM 9
Developing
Medicine
DEFINITION 9 Vitro: Cells cultured outside of bodyVivo: Within bodyAnimal Testing on animals that have similar reactions as the human body.Phase 1 Trial : TERM 10
Developing Medicine: Phase 1 Trial
DEFINITION 10 drugs are tested on healthy humans to determine how the drug is handled by the body
Ribosomes
Translates RNA to proteins TERM 17
Endoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 17 Forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids TERM 18
Golgi Apparatus
DEFINITION 18 Packages protein for export, forms secretory vesicles TERM 19
Lysosomes
DEFINITION 19 Digest macromolecules and cell debris TERM 20
Peroxisomes
DEFINITION 20 Breaks down fatty acid
Centrioles
anchor for cytoskeleton, helps in cell division by forming spindle fibers TERM 22
Tissue
DEFINITION 22 Human tissues can be divided into 4 basic types: epithelial, connective , muscle, nervous. TERM 23
Muscle Tissue
DEFINITION 23 generate mechanical activities that produce force and movement e.g., heart, limbs, intestine, uterus TERM 24
Nerve Tissue
DEFINITION 24 initiate and conduct electrical impulses TERM 25
Epithelial Tissue
DEFINITION 25 selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, membranes & glands e.g., intestine, salivary glands
What does changing the number of electrons
do?
Creates an ion of element without changing mass. TERM 32
Four elements that make 99% of atoms in the
body?
DEFINITION 32 Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen TERM 33
Covalent Bonds
DEFINITION 33 strong bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. TERM 34
nonpolar covalent bond
DEFINITION 34 electrons are shared evenly and creates bond TERM 35
Amphipathic Molecule
DEFINITION 35 contain polar covalent bonds at one end of the molecule and nonpolar covalent bonds at other end of the molecule.amphipathic molecules to be attracted to water on one side and repelled by water on the other side.
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bondsoccur when a stronglyelectronegativeatom "steals" an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to create a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom. Metal and nonmetal TERM 37
Hydrogen Bonds
DEFINITION 37 Hydrogen bondsform when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O, N, Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or the same molecule). TERM 38
Water
DEFINITION 38 Water is thechemical substancewithchemical formula{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}: onemoleculeof water has twohydrogenatomscovalentlybondedto a singleoxygenatom. TERM 39
Lipids
DEFINITION 39 Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.. TERM 40
triacylglycerols
DEFINITION 40 Triacylglycerols are synthesized from three fatty acids joined together by one glycerol molecule.
Polypeptides
Polypeptides: chains of AA's TERM 47
Primary Protein Structure
DEFINITION 47
of amino acids in the chain2. Position/type of amino acid
in the chain TERM 48
Secondary Protein Structure
DEFINITION 48
- Alpha helix 2. Beta sheet TERM 49
Tertiary Protein Structure
DEFINITION 49 a. H-bonds b. ionic bondsc. van der Waals forcesd. Covalent bonds TERM 50
Quaternary Protein Struccture
DEFINITION 50 Multimeric proteins; proteins composed of more than one polypeptide chain
Nucleic Acid
Storage, expression & transmission of genetic informationBasic subunit = nucleotide = sugar + phosphate
DNA
DEFINITION 52 deoxyribonucleic acid Sugar = deoxyribose ("missing" oxygen) 4 bases: purines = adenine and guanine pyrimidines = cytosine and thymine TERM 53
RNA
DEFINITION 53 riboxynucleic acid Sugar = ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) Uracil replaces thymine TERM 54
ATP
DEFINITION 54 High energy phosphate bondsMajor molecules for transferring energyInvolved in: - muscle contraction - active transport across membranes - synthesis of organic molecules TERM 55
Diffusion
DEFINITION 55 movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules
Endocytosis
transport of macromolecules into the cell by forming vesicles from plasma membrane; includesphagocytosisandpinocytosis TERM 62
Exocytosis
DEFINITION 62 transport of macromolecules out of cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane TERM 63
Enzymes
DEFINITION 63 proteins that act ascatalyststo increase the rate of reactions by lowering theactivation energyof the reaction. TERM 64
Properties of Enzyme
DEFINITION 64 Specificity: to how many different substrates can an enzyme bindAffinity: how tightly an enzyme is bound to a substrate; Affinity is affected by both shape and charge. Complimentary shapes and opposite charges provide the highest affinity between an enzyme and a ligand.Saturation: how much of the enzyme is in useCompetition: occurs when more than one type of ligand can bind to the enzymes functional site TERM 65
Regulation of Enzymes
DEFINITION 65 -Allosteric modulation - the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by binding of a molecule to enzyme's regulatory site; activates the enzyme-Covalent modulation - the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme; activates the enzyme
What affects reaction rates?
-Enzyme concentration - affected by enzyme synthesis and breakdownEnzyme activity - affected by allosteric and covalent modulationSubstrate and product concentrationse.g., increasing [substrate] drives reaction to "right"End product inhibition - the end product of a chain of chemical reactions acts as modulator of one of the intermediate enzymes TERM 67
Cells of the nervous system: neurons or nerve
cells
DEFINITION 67 Basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system Respond to chemical and physical stimuli Produce and conduct electrochemical impulses; "excitable cells" Releases specific chemical regulators Functions include: perception of sensory stimuli, learning, memory, control of muscles and glands Cannot divide by mitosis, but can regenerate severed portions or sprout new branches under certain circumstances Very high metabolic rate TERM 68
Function of Neurons
DEFINITION 68 a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. TERM 69
Afferent Neurons
DEFINITION 69 transmit information from sensory receptors into theCNS; cell body and the long peripheral process of the axon are in thePNS; only the short central process of the axon enters the CNS; may have no dendrites TERM 70
Efferent Neurons
DEFINITION 70 transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells (particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons); cell body, dendrites, and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS; most of the axon is in the PNS
Glial Cells
cells that "support" neurons; account for approximately 90% of the cells in the nervous system TERM 77
Astrocytes
DEFINITION 77 critical to the formation of theBBB, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions, sustain neurons metabolically, regulate composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium ions andNTsfrom around synapses, guide neurons as they migrate during development, promote growth by secretion of growth factors, found in CNS. TERM 78
Ependymal
DEFINITION 78 line the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, found in CNS TERM 79
Microglia
DEFINITION 79 perform immune functions in CNS TERM 80
Oligodendrocytes
DEFINITION 80 form myelin around axons in the central nervous system
Schwann Cells
form myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system TERM 82
Neurons composed
of
DEFINITION 82 a cell body, dendrites, and an axon TERM 83
axon, axon hillock, and axon collateral
DEFINITION 83 Axon: process that carries information away from the cell body Axon Hillock: the site where an axon originates on a cell body that is specialized for the initiation ofaction potentialsin an axon Axon Collateral: branches of an axon TERM 84
How does information flow in a neuron?
DEFINITION 84 Electric and Chemical Messages TERM 85
How can a single neuron be considered
presynaptic or postsynaptic?
DEFINITION 85 Neurons are described as presynpatic or postsynaptic depending on which side of the synapse they occur. ---- Presynaptic neurons occur before the synpase and postsynaptic neurons occur after the synpase.-depending on the position being described in a chain of neurons.
Graded Potentials
a relatively small change in membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels; size of a graded potential is dependent upon the size of the stimulus TERM 92
Synaptic Potential
DEFINITION 92 graded potential produced in a post-synpatic cell in response to neurotransmitters binding to receptors TERM 93
Receptor Potential
DEFINITION 93 graded potential produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor TERM 94
Action Potential
DEFINITION 94 large, rapid change in membrane potential produced by depolarization of an excitable cell's plasma membrane past threshold; the electrical signal in a neuron; APs are "all-or- none" TERM 95
Equilibrium Potentials
DEFINITION 95 the membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move an ion across a membrane which puts the ion at equilibrium; the membrane potential that a cell would have if it were based on a single ion which is allowed to come to equilibrium
What is the movement of electrical charge
called? Hindrance?
current (I)resistance (R) TERM 97
Ohm's Law
DEFINITION 97 gives us a basis for electrical signaling in neurons. TERM 98
What is membrane potential based on?
DEFINITION 98 The membrane potential of a cell is based on two factors: 1. theelectrochemical gradientof all the ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluid and 2. the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions. TERM 99
Nernst Equation
DEFINITION 99 ion's "equilibrium potential". TERM 100
What is actual resting membrane potential
that takes all ions into consideration
calculated by?
DEFINITION 100 Goldman's Equation.
