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Exam 1 (Summer Session) | BIO 2604 - Human Phys & Lab, Quizzes of Biology

Class: BIO 2604 - Human Phys & Lab; Subject: Biology; University: University of Central Oklahoma; Term: Fall 2014;

Typology: Quizzes

2015/2016

Uploaded on 06/15/2016

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TERM 1
What is physiology?
DEFINITION 1
The study of how the parts in an organism function
TERM 2
What is the major underlying theme of
physiology?
DEFINITION 2
Homeostasis
TERM 3
What is homeostasis?
DEFINITION 3
the relative consistency of the internal environment in the
face of fluctuating external environment.Ex. Body Sweating
when hot to maintain normal body temperature of 98.6.Ex.
Shivering when cold increasing heat so that body temp can
stay at 98.6.
TERM 4
What would happen if the human equilibrium
with the environment?
DEFINITION 4
The body would not function properly, because a certain
temperature of 98.6 is needed for certain processes of the
body, cells, organs, etc.
TERM 5
What are the two primary methods of
maintaining homeostasis in the human body?
DEFINITION 5
Negative Loops:maintains both short-term and long-term
homeostasisPositive Loops:maintains long-term homeostasis.
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What is physiology?

The study of how the parts in an organism function TERM 2

What is the major underlying theme of

physiology?

DEFINITION 2 Homeostasis TERM 3

What is homeostasis?

DEFINITION 3 the relative consistency of the internal environment in the face of fluctuating external environment.Ex. Body Sweating when hot to maintain normal body temperature of 98.6.Ex. Shivering when cold increasing heat so that body temp can stay at 98.6. TERM 4

What would happen if the human equilibrium

with the environment?

DEFINITION 4 The body would not function properly, because a certain temperature of 98.6 is needed for certain processes of the body, cells, organs, etc. TERM 5

What are the two primary methods of

maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

DEFINITION 5 Negative Loops:maintains both short-term and long-term homeostasisPositive Loops:maintains long-term homeostasis.

Negative Loops

Negative feedback loops occur when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set- point.Examples:if internal body temperature starts to decrease in response to a lowered temperature in the external environment, a person will curl up to reduce surface area to decrease heat loss, a person may put on a jacket to decrease heat loss, a person may do vasoconstriction at the surface of the skin to decrease blood flow and decrease heat loss, and a person may start to shiver to increase heat production.orSweating when it's hot to release heat. TERM 7

Positive

loops

DEFINITION 7 Positive feedback loops occur when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value. Positive feedback loops essentially move a value further and further from set-point until some specific goal is reached.Ex. Contractions, Ovulation, Blood clotting TERM 8

What is the Scientific

Method?

DEFINITION 8 Scientific Method includes the steps of observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusions, and communicationwhich eventually lead to a theory. TERM 9

Developing

Medicine

DEFINITION 9 Vitro: Cells cultured outside of bodyVivo: Within bodyAnimal Testing on animals that have similar reactions as the human body.Phase 1 Trial : TERM 10

Developing Medicine: Phase 1 Trial

DEFINITION 10 drugs are tested on healthy humans to determine how the drug is handled by the body

Ribosomes

Translates RNA to proteins TERM 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

DEFINITION 17 Forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids TERM 18

Golgi Apparatus

DEFINITION 18 Packages protein for export, forms secretory vesicles TERM 19

Lysosomes

DEFINITION 19 Digest macromolecules and cell debris TERM 20

Peroxisomes

DEFINITION 20 Breaks down fatty acid

Centrioles

anchor for cytoskeleton, helps in cell division by forming spindle fibers TERM 22

Tissue

DEFINITION 22 Human tissues can be divided into 4 basic types: epithelial, connective , muscle, nervous. TERM 23

Muscle Tissue

DEFINITION 23 generate mechanical activities that produce force and movement e.g., heart, limbs, intestine, uterus TERM 24

Nerve Tissue

DEFINITION 24 initiate and conduct electrical impulses TERM 25

Epithelial Tissue

DEFINITION 25 selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, membranes & glands e.g., intestine, salivary glands

What does changing the number of electrons

do?

Creates an ion of element without changing mass. TERM 32

Four elements that make 99% of atoms in the

body?

DEFINITION 32 Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen TERM 33

Covalent Bonds

DEFINITION 33 strong bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. TERM 34

nonpolar covalent bond

DEFINITION 34 electrons are shared evenly and creates bond TERM 35

Amphipathic Molecule

DEFINITION 35 contain polar covalent bonds at one end of the molecule and nonpolar covalent bonds at other end of the molecule.amphipathic molecules to be attracted to water on one side and repelled by water on the other side.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bondsoccur when a stronglyelectronegativeatom "steals" an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to create a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom. Metal and nonmetal TERM 37

Hydrogen Bonds

DEFINITION 37 Hydrogen bondsform when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O, N, Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or the same molecule). TERM 38

Water

DEFINITION 38 Water is thechemical substancewithchemical formula{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}: onemoleculeof water has twohydrogenatomscovalentlybondedto a singleoxygenatom. TERM 39

Lipids

DEFINITION 39 Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.. TERM 40

triacylglycerols

DEFINITION 40 Triacylglycerols are synthesized from three fatty acids joined together by one glycerol molecule.

Polypeptides

Polypeptides: chains of AA's TERM 47

Primary Protein Structure

DEFINITION 47

  1. of amino acids in the chain2. Position/type of amino acid

in the chain TERM 48

Secondary Protein Structure

DEFINITION 48

  1. Alpha helix 2. Beta sheet TERM 49

Tertiary Protein Structure

DEFINITION 49 a. H-bonds b. ionic bondsc. van der Waals forcesd. Covalent bonds TERM 50

Quaternary Protein Struccture

DEFINITION 50 Multimeric proteins; proteins composed of more than one polypeptide chain

Nucleic Acid

Storage, expression & transmission of genetic informationBasic subunit = nucleotide = sugar + phosphate

  • nitrogenous base TERM 52

DNA

DEFINITION 52 deoxyribonucleic acid Sugar = deoxyribose ("missing" oxygen) 4 bases: purines = adenine and guanine pyrimidines = cytosine and thymine TERM 53

RNA

DEFINITION 53 riboxynucleic acid Sugar = ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) Uracil replaces thymine TERM 54

ATP

DEFINITION 54 High energy phosphate bondsMajor molecules for transferring energyInvolved in: - muscle contraction - active transport across membranes - synthesis of organic molecules TERM 55

Diffusion

DEFINITION 55 movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules

Endocytosis

transport of macromolecules into the cell by forming vesicles from plasma membrane; includesphagocytosisandpinocytosis TERM 62

Exocytosis

DEFINITION 62 transport of macromolecules out of cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane TERM 63

Enzymes

DEFINITION 63 proteins that act ascatalyststo increase the rate of reactions by lowering theactivation energyof the reaction. TERM 64

Properties of Enzyme

DEFINITION 64 Specificity: to how many different substrates can an enzyme bindAffinity: how tightly an enzyme is bound to a substrate; Affinity is affected by both shape and charge. Complimentary shapes and opposite charges provide the highest affinity between an enzyme and a ligand.Saturation: how much of the enzyme is in useCompetition: occurs when more than one type of ligand can bind to the enzymes functional site TERM 65

Regulation of Enzymes

DEFINITION 65 -Allosteric modulation - the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by binding of a molecule to enzyme's regulatory site; activates the enzyme-Covalent modulation - the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme; activates the enzyme

What affects reaction rates?

-Enzyme concentration - affected by enzyme synthesis and breakdownEnzyme activity - affected by allosteric and covalent modulationSubstrate and product concentrationse.g., increasing [substrate] drives reaction to "right"End product inhibition - the end product of a chain of chemical reactions acts as modulator of one of the intermediate enzymes TERM 67

Cells of the nervous system: neurons or nerve

cells

DEFINITION 67 Basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system Respond to chemical and physical stimuli Produce and conduct electrochemical impulses; "excitable cells" Releases specific chemical regulators Functions include: perception of sensory stimuli, learning, memory, control of muscles and glands Cannot divide by mitosis, but can regenerate severed portions or sprout new branches under certain circumstances Very high metabolic rate TERM 68

Function of Neurons

DEFINITION 68 a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. TERM 69

Afferent Neurons

DEFINITION 69 transmit information from sensory receptors into theCNS; cell body and the long peripheral process of the axon are in thePNS; only the short central process of the axon enters the CNS; may have no dendrites TERM 70

Efferent Neurons

DEFINITION 70 transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells (particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons); cell body, dendrites, and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS; most of the axon is in the PNS

Glial Cells

cells that "support" neurons; account for approximately 90% of the cells in the nervous system TERM 77

Astrocytes

DEFINITION 77 critical to the formation of theBBB, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions, sustain neurons metabolically, regulate composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium ions andNTsfrom around synapses, guide neurons as they migrate during development, promote growth by secretion of growth factors, found in CNS. TERM 78

Ependymal

DEFINITION 78 line the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, found in CNS TERM 79

Microglia

DEFINITION 79 perform immune functions in CNS TERM 80

Oligodendrocytes

DEFINITION 80 form myelin around axons in the central nervous system

Schwann Cells

form myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system TERM 82

Neurons composed

of

DEFINITION 82 a cell body, dendrites, and an axon TERM 83

axon, axon hillock, and axon collateral

DEFINITION 83 Axon: process that carries information away from the cell body Axon Hillock: the site where an axon originates on a cell body that is specialized for the initiation ofaction potentialsin an axon Axon Collateral: branches of an axon TERM 84

How does information flow in a neuron?

DEFINITION 84 Electric and Chemical Messages TERM 85

How can a single neuron be considered

presynaptic or postsynaptic?

DEFINITION 85 Neurons are described as presynpatic or postsynaptic depending on which side of the synapse they occur. ---- Presynaptic neurons occur before the synpase and postsynaptic neurons occur after the synpase.-depending on the position being described in a chain of neurons.

Graded Potentials

a relatively small change in membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels; size of a graded potential is dependent upon the size of the stimulus TERM 92

Synaptic Potential

DEFINITION 92 graded potential produced in a post-synpatic cell in response to neurotransmitters binding to receptors TERM 93

Receptor Potential

DEFINITION 93 graded potential produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor TERM 94

Action Potential

DEFINITION 94 large, rapid change in membrane potential produced by depolarization of an excitable cell's plasma membrane past threshold; the electrical signal in a neuron; APs are "all-or- none" TERM 95

Equilibrium Potentials

DEFINITION 95 the membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move an ion across a membrane which puts the ion at equilibrium; the membrane potential that a cell would have if it were based on a single ion which is allowed to come to equilibrium

What is the movement of electrical charge

called? Hindrance?

current (I)resistance (R) TERM 97

Ohm's Law

DEFINITION 97 gives us a basis for electrical signaling in neurons. TERM 98

What is membrane potential based on?

DEFINITION 98 The membrane potential of a cell is based on two factors: 1. theelectrochemical gradientof all the ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluid and 2. the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions. TERM 99

Nernst Equation

DEFINITION 99 ion's "equilibrium potential". TERM 100

What is actual resting membrane potential

that takes all ions into consideration

calculated by?

DEFINITION 100 Goldman's Equation.