Download Exam 1 | SOCIOL 101 - Introductory Sociology and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
anomie
a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective, think French Revolution TERM 2
applied sociology
DEFINITION 2 the use of the discipline of sociology ith the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations TERM 3
basic sociology
DEFINITION 3 solociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena TERM 4
clinical sociology
DEFINITION 4 the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions TERM 5
dysfunction
DEFINITION 5 an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability
feminist view
a sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization TERM 7
globalization
DEFINITION 7 the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas TERM 8
ideal type
DEFINITION 8 a construct or model for evaluating specific cases TERM 9
interactionist perspective
DEFINITION 9 a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole TERM 10
latent function
DEFINITION 10 an unconsious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes
theory
a set of statements hat seek to explain problems, actions, or behavior TERM 17
verstehen
DEFINITION 17 "understanding or insight", used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions TERM 18
causal logic
DEFINITION 18 the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the oher TERM 19
code of ethics
DEFINITION 19 the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession TERM 20
content analysis
DEFINITION 20 the systematic coding and objective recording of dataguided by some rationale
cross-tabulation
a table or matrix that shows the relationship between two or more variables TERM 22
ethnography
DEFINITION 22 the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation TERM 23
hawthorne effect
DEFINITION 23 the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects TERM 24
interview
DEFINITION 24 a face-to-face or telephone questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information TERM 25
observation
DEFINITION 25 a research technique in which an investigator colleccts infomation through direct participation and/or by closely watching a group or community
bilingualism
the use of two or more languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate TERM 32
counterculture
DEFINITION 32 a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture TERM 33
cultural relativism
DEFINITION 33 the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture TERM 34
cultural universal
DEFINITION 34 a common practice or belief found in every culture TERM 35
culture
DEFINITION 35 the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
culture industry
the worldwide media industry taht standardizes the goods and seervices demanded by consumers TERM 37
culture lag
DEFINITION 37 a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions TERM 38
culture shock
DEFINITION 38 the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own TERM 39
culture
war
DEFINITION 39 the polarization of society over controvesial cultural elements TERM 40
dominant ideology
DEFINITION 40 a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
language
an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture, includes gestrues and other noonverbal communication TERM 47
law
DEFINITION 47 governmental socail control TERM 48
material culture
DEFINITION 48 the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives TERM 49
mores
DEFINITION 49 norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society TERM 50
nonmaterial culture
DEFINITION 50 ways of using material objects as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, ogvernments, and patterns of communication
norm
an established standard of behavior maintained by society TERM 52
sapir-worf hypothesis
DEFINITION 52 a hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality TERM 53
society
DEFINITION 53 a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture TERM 54
sociobiology
DEFINITION 54 the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior TERM 55
subculture
DEFINITION 55 a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society
dramaturgical approach
a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers TERM 62
face-work
DEFINITION 62 a term used to refer to the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment TERM 63
gender role
DEFINITION 63 expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes and activities of males or females TERM 64
generalized other
DEFINITION 64 a term used to refer to the attitudes, viewoints and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior TERM 65
impression management
DEFINITION 65 a term used to refer to the altering of the persentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and statisfy particular audiences
life course
approach
a research oeirntation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence peope throughout their lives, from birth to death TERM 67
looking-glass self
DEFINITION 67 a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interations TERM 68
midlife crisis
DEFINITION 68 a stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40 TERM 69
personality
DEFINITION 69 a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics and behavior TERM 70
resocailization
DEFINITION 70 the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
socialization
the lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture TERM 77
symbol
DEFINITION 77 a gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication TERM 78
total institution
DEFINITION 78 an intutition that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a singgel authority such as a prison, the military, a menta hospital, or a convent TERM 79
achieved status
DEFINITION 79 a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts TERM 80
agrarian society
DEFINITION 80 the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial sociat, members are primarily engaged in the production f food but increase their crop yields through technological innovations
alienation
a condition of estrangement or dissociation form the surrounding society TERM 82
ascribed status
DEFINITION 82 a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characterisics TERM 83
avatar
DEFINITION 83 a three-dimensioal model, two-dimensional icon or constructed peronality that is assumed by the user of an internet site TERM 84
bureaucracy
DEFINITION 84 a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency TERM 85
bureaucratization
DEFINITION 85 the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
goal displacement
overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy TERM 92
group
DEFINITION 92 any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis TERM 93
horitcultural society
DEFINITION 93 a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods TERM 94
human relations approach
DEFINITION 94 an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization TERM 95
hunting-and gathering-society
DEFINITION 95 a preindustrail society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiberrs are readily available in order to suvive
industrial society
a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services TERM 97
in-group
DEFINITION 97 any group or category to which people feel they belong TERM 98
iron law of oligarchy
DEFINITION 98 a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals TERM 99
master status
DEFINITION 99 a status that dominates others and therby determines a person's general position in society TERM 100
mcdonaldization
DEFINITION 100 the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more ssectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world
