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Cell Theory
one of the unifying themes in biology The fundamental unit of life is the cell All living organisms are composed of cells All cells come from other cells TERM 2
Bacteria
DEFINITION 2 prokaryotes circular DNA no nucleus TERM 3
Archea
DEFINITION 3 Share characteristics of prokaryotes but have different biochemistry TERM 4
Eucarya
DEFINITION 4 Eurkaryotes nucleus TERM 5
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
DEFINITION 5 Eukaryotes increased complexity Membrane-bound cytoplasmic compartments Membrane-bound nucleus Cytoskeleton DNA wrapped around histone proteins
The Plasma Membrane: Macromolecules
Phospholipids Proteins Glycolipids Glycoproteins TERM 7
The Plasma Membrane: Functions
DEFINITION 7 selective barrier perception, communication, respond to environment ability to take in nutrients ability to release wastes regulate water intake/output TERM 8
The Nucleus
DEFINITION 8 Double membrane-bound( envelope) pores to cytoplasm, regulated traffic contains the chromosomes nucleolus-no membrane, creates ribosomes TERM 9
Mitochondria
DEFINITION 9 Similar to bacterial cells double-membrane contain circular DNA model main function is to generate large amounts of ATP Tricarboxylic acid cycle ATP synthesis Lipid oxidation TERM 10
Ribosomes
DEFINITION 10 Cytoplasmic ribo-protein structure contain RNA and protein Free or bound to endoplasmic-reticulum Ribozymes-nano-machines: polymerize amino acids to polypetides Not Membrane-bound Smaller than organelles
Vesicular Trafficking
Membrane-bound vessicles travel between Rough ER and Golgi Movement is controlled - it is not diffusion Other vesicles leave the Golgi and fuse with the plasma membrane TERM 17
The Lysosome
DEFINITION 17 bound by a single membrane contain strong enzymes that degrade macromolecules created by rough ER, packaged in a vesicle TERM 18
Peroxisome
DEFINITION 18 bound by a single membrane all hydrogen peroxide creating reactions are carried out here contains catalase to degrade hydrogen peroxide oxidizes long chain fatty acids metabolizes alcohol TERM 19
Saturated Hydrocarbon
DEFINITION 19 Only single Carbon Carbon bonds TERM 20
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
DEFINITION 20 Double or Triple Carbon Carbon Bond
Four classes of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acid TERM 22
Monomers
DEFINITION 22 monosaccharide amino acid nitrogenous base TERM 23
Carbohydrates
DEFINITION 23 Saccharides hydrates of a carbon have suffix -ose longer carbohydrates can switch between cyclic and non- cyclic TERM 24
Polysaccharides
DEFINITION 24 many monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds they differ only in type of glucose bod (alpha or beta) and linkage TERM 25
Starch-Plants
DEFINITION 25 The chains are formed by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds The branches are formed by alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Phospholipids
Contains a phosphate in place of one of the fatty acids and alcohol TERM 32
Protein Functions
DEFINITION 32 structure catalysis movement transport hormones protection storage regulation TERM 33
Protein Support
DEFINITION 33 using collagen TERM 34
Protein Catalysis
DEFINITION 34 enzymes are proteins that change other molecules-- digestion TERM 35
Protein Movement
DEFINITION 35 The proteins actin and myosin the the muscle cell allows us movement
Protein Transpot
hemoglobin transports O transmembrane proteins transport molecules through the membrane TERM 37
Protein hormones
DEFINITION 37 Insulin TERM 38
Protein Protection
DEFINITION 38 antibodies fibrinogen (blood clotting) TERM 39
Protein Storage
DEFINITION 39 casein in milke--provided to offspring ovalbumin-protein stored in egg for development of offspring TERM 40
Protein Regulation
DEFINITION 40 transcription factors are proteins that turn genes on and off
DNA
double stranded very stable TERM 47
DNA-heredity
DEFINITION 47 the transfer of characteristics to a new generation chromosomes- complex molecules make up of DNA and histones TERM 48
Bioengernetics
DEFINITION 48 the study of various types of energy transformations that occur in living organisms In order to maintain itself a cell must acquire and expend energy TERM 49
Thermodynamics
DEFINITION 49 The study of changes of energy that accompany events in the universe Use it to predict direction events take, whether or not energy is needed to make them happen TERM 50
Potential Energy
DEFINITION 50 energy of an object by virtue of its position; stored energy
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion TERM 52
A system cell can:
DEFINITION 52 store energy lose or gain energy in the form of heat from the environment lose or gain energy by doing work or having work done on it
