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Ventricles
cavities of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid; arise from expansions of the embryonic neural tube; continuous with one another and with the centeral canal of the spinal cord. TERM 2
Meningitis
DEFINITION 2 Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. TERM 3
TIA
DEFINITION 3 Transient ischemic attack; temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia; last 5-50 mins; characterized by temporary numbness, paralysis, or impaired speech; red flags of more serious CVA's. TERM 4
CSF
DEFINITION 4 Cerebrospinal fluid; liquid cushion surrounding brain and spinal cord that gives buoyancy to CNS structures; protection; nourishes brain; helps to carry chemical signals from one part of brain to another; contains less protein then plasma and contains more Na+, Cl-, and H+ and less Ca2+ and K+. TERM 5
BBB
DEFINITION 5 Blood brain barrier; protective mechanism to maintain stable environment for brain; endothelium of capillary wall, thick basal lamina, and bulbous feet of astrocytes; tight junctions join together endothelial cells and make them less permeable; allows glucose, amino acids, electrolytes; ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen, and carbodioxide; wastes, drugs, and toxins denied entry.
Stroke
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA); blood circulation to brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies; ischemia to brain tissue; deficient oxygen and nutrient delivery; usually caused by blood clot or compression by hemorrhage or edema; hemiplegia typically occurs. TERM 7
Ependymal Cells
DEFINITION 7 type of CNS supporting cell; lines central cavities of brain and spinal cord. TERM 8
Endothelium
DEFINITION 8 The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. TERM 9
Hemiplegia
DEFINITION 9 Hemiplegia is total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body. TERM 10
Choroid Plexus
DEFINITION 10 The choroid plexus (from Latin: chorion - delicate, plexus knot) is a structure in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced; frond shaped clusters of broad, thin-walled capillaries enclosed by pia mater and then ependymal cells; permeable and fluid filters from bloodstream.
Dorsal Root
afferent; carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors that fan out as dorsal rootlets. TERM 17
Epineurium
DEFINITION 17 The epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. TERM 18
Ventral Root
DEFINITION 18 efferent motor root of spinal nerve TERM 19
Mixed Nerve
DEFINITION 19 sensory and motor fibers carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type. TERM 20
Dorsal Root Ganglion
DEFINITION 20 nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves.
Cranial Nerve
nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. TERM 22
Endoneurium
DEFINITION 22 layer of delicate connective tissue made up of endoneurial cells that encloses the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber; innermost layer. TERM 23
Perineurium
DEFINITION 23 coarse CT that bundles fibers into fasciles. TERM 24
Spinal Nerve
DEFINITION 24 fused motor and sensory nerves. TERM 25
Mechanoreceptor
DEFINITION 25 responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.
Nociceptor
responds to potentially damaging stimuli; pain sensor. TERM 32
Palpebral Conjunctiva
DEFINITION 32 mucus membrane lining interior of eyelids; folds to form patch called conjunctival sac; protects and eye and keeps it wet. TERM 33
Somatosensory Receptor
DEFINITION 33 responds to changes in pressure. TERM 34
Bulbar Conjunctiva
DEFINITION 34 mucus membrane lining sclera. TERM 35
Rectus Muscles
DEFINITION 35 connect to annular ring and band of connective tissue at posterior of orbital cavity; moves eyeball side to side.
Fibrous layer of eyeball
composed of sclera and cornea; support TERM 37
Posterior segment of eyeball
DEFINITION 37 back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. TERM 38
Vascular layer of eyeball
DEFINITION 38 choroid, ciliary body, and iris; blood supply, holds lens in place, dilation of pupil. TERM 39
Oblique muscles of
eyeball
DEFINITION 39 move eye laterally TERM 40
Refraction
DEFINITION 40 bending of light from one transparent medium to another.
Accomodation
process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as its distance changes. TERM 47
Lens
DEFINITION 47 separates anterior and posterior segments; focuses light onto retina; composed of epithelium and lens fibers. TERM 48
Retina
DEFINITION 48 light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. TERM 49
Iris
DEFINITION 49 made of 2 smooth muscle layers; pigmented. TERM 50
Cones
DEFINITION 50 color sensitive photoreceptor
Rods
light sensitive photoreceptor TERM 52
Hyperopic
DEFINITION 52 farsightedness; defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance. TERM 53
Convergence
DEFINITION 53 medial rotation of eyeballs toward object being viewed. TERM 54
Lacrimal Apparatus
DEFINITION 54 tear production; tears swept across eye and into lacrimal punctum, into lacrimal canaliculous, and into the nasolacrimal duct. TERM 55
Aqueous Humor
DEFINITION 55 thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea.
Vitreous Humor
clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. TERM 62
Choroid
DEFINITION 62 vascular layer containing connective tissue and lying between the retina and the sclera; dark brown membrane that provides blood supply to layers. TERM 63
Fovea Centralis
DEFINITION 63 most cones; located in the center of the macula region of the retina. TERM 64
Emmetropic
DEFINITION 64 normal eye with light focusing properly. TERM 65
Cataracts
DEFINITION 65 clouding of the lens; age-related hardening and thickening of lens, usually due to diabetes mellitus; inadequate delivery of nutrients to deeper fibers.
Macula
sensory receptors for static equilibrium; contain supporting and hair cells; embedded in otolithic membrane. TERM 67
Sensorineural Deafness
DEFINITION 67 root cause lies in the vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial nerve VIII), the inner ear, or central processing centers of the brain; damage to neural processes. TERM 68
Conduction Deafness
DEFINITION 68 hampering of sound conduction to fluids of inner ear; ear wax buildup, perforated eardrum, etc. TERM 69
Crista Amupllaris
DEFINITION 69 receptor for dynamic equilibrium; located in ampulla of each semicircular canal; responds to rotational movements; hair cells extend into cupula. TERM 70
Semicircular Canals
DEFINITION 70 semicircular ducts line each canal and communicate with utricle.
Tympanic Membrane
separates external ear from middle ear; vibrates and sends sound waves to ossicles. TERM 77
Membranous Labyrinth
DEFINITION 77 series of membranous sacs within bony labyrinth; filled with potassium rich endolymph; TERM 78
Tectorial Membrane
DEFINITION 78 fibrous membrane covering organ of Corti; touched by stereocilia. TERM 79
Organ of Corti
DEFINITION 79 contains hair cells and supporting cells; inner canal of cochlea. TERM 80
Frequency
DEFINITION 80 number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.
Saccule
detects movement in verticle plane TERM 82
Utricle
DEFINITION 82 detects horizontal movement. TERM 83
Cochlear Hair Cells
DEFINITION 83 bending of hairs influences action potentials. TERM 84
Bony Labyrinth
DEFINITION 84 vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea; perilymph filled channels running through temporal bone. TERM 85
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
DEFINITION 85 eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.
Ampulla
swelling at end of each of semicircular ducts which communicates which houses crista ampullaris. TERM 92
Gustation
DEFINITION 92 sense of taste TERM 93
Olfactory Cilia
DEFINITION 93 bipolar neurons which increase area for reception. TERM 94
Olfaction
DEFINITION 94 sense of smell TERM 95
Gustatory Cell
DEFINITION 95 gustatory hairs project from tips and extend through taste pore to surface of epithelium where they are bathed in saliva.
Mitrial Cells
process odors and send impulses to brain via olfactory bulb. TERM 97
Fungiform Papillae
DEFINITION 97 mushroom shaped projections on the tongue; contain tastebuds TERM 98
Olfactory Epithelium
DEFINITION 98 epithelial tissue inside nasal cavity involved in smell; yellow tinged patch of pseudostratified epithelium in roof of nasal cavity. TERM 99
Olfactory Receptor Cell
DEFINITION 99 bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia. TERM 100
Umami
DEFINITION 100 savoriness; one of five basic tastes
