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Nervous System: Fluid, Barrier & Nerves, Quizzes of Physiology

Definitions and explanations of various terms related to the nervous system, including cerebrospinal fluid, the blood-brain barrier, and different types of nerves. It covers the functions of these structures and their roles in protecting and nourishing the brain.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 02/09/2011

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TERM 1
Ventricles
DEFINITION 1
cavities of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid; arise
from expansions of the embryonic neural tube; continuous
with one another and with the centeral canal of the spinal
cord.
TERM 2
Meningitis
DEFINITION 2
Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes
covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the
meninges.
TERM 3
TIA
DEFINITION 3
Transient ischemic attack; temporary episodes of reversible
cerebral ischemia; last 5-50 mins; characterized by
temporary numbness, paralysis, or impaired speech; red
flags of more serious CVA's.
TERM 4
CSF
DEFINITION 4
Cerebrospinal fluid; liquid cushion surrounding brain and
spinal cord that gives buoyancy to CNS structures;
protection; nourishes brain; helps to carry chemical signals
from one part of brain to another; contains less protein then
plasma and contains more Na+, Cl-, and H+ and less Ca2+
and K+.
TERM 5
BBB
DEFINITION 5
Blood brain barrier; protective mecha nism to maintain stable
environment for brain; endothelium of capillary wall, thick basal
lamina, and bulbous feet of astrocyte s; tight junctions join
together endothelial cells and make them less permeable; allows
glucose, amino acids, electrolytes; in effective against fats, fatty
acids, oxygen, and carbodioxide; wast es, drugs, and toxins denied
entry.
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Ventricles

cavities of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid; arise from expansions of the embryonic neural tube; continuous with one another and with the centeral canal of the spinal cord. TERM 2

Meningitis

DEFINITION 2 Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. TERM 3

TIA

DEFINITION 3 Transient ischemic attack; temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia; last 5-50 mins; characterized by temporary numbness, paralysis, or impaired speech; red flags of more serious CVA's. TERM 4

CSF

DEFINITION 4 Cerebrospinal fluid; liquid cushion surrounding brain and spinal cord that gives buoyancy to CNS structures; protection; nourishes brain; helps to carry chemical signals from one part of brain to another; contains less protein then plasma and contains more Na+, Cl-, and H+ and less Ca2+ and K+. TERM 5

BBB

DEFINITION 5 Blood brain barrier; protective mechanism to maintain stable environment for brain; endothelium of capillary wall, thick basal lamina, and bulbous feet of astrocytes; tight junctions join together endothelial cells and make them less permeable; allows glucose, amino acids, electrolytes; ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen, and carbodioxide; wastes, drugs, and toxins denied entry.

Stroke

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA); blood circulation to brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies; ischemia to brain tissue; deficient oxygen and nutrient delivery; usually caused by blood clot or compression by hemorrhage or edema; hemiplegia typically occurs. TERM 7

Ependymal Cells

DEFINITION 7 type of CNS supporting cell; lines central cavities of brain and spinal cord. TERM 8

Endothelium

DEFINITION 8 The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. TERM 9

Hemiplegia

DEFINITION 9 Hemiplegia is total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body. TERM 10

Choroid Plexus

DEFINITION 10 The choroid plexus (from Latin: chorion - delicate, plexus knot) is a structure in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced; frond shaped clusters of broad, thin-walled capillaries enclosed by pia mater and then ependymal cells; permeable and fluid filters from bloodstream.

Dorsal Root

afferent; carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors that fan out as dorsal rootlets. TERM 17

Epineurium

DEFINITION 17 The epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. TERM 18

Ventral Root

DEFINITION 18 efferent motor root of spinal nerve TERM 19

Mixed Nerve

DEFINITION 19 sensory and motor fibers carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type. TERM 20

Dorsal Root Ganglion

DEFINITION 20 nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves.

Cranial Nerve

nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. TERM 22

Endoneurium

DEFINITION 22 layer of delicate connective tissue made up of endoneurial cells that encloses the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber; innermost layer. TERM 23

Perineurium

DEFINITION 23 coarse CT that bundles fibers into fasciles. TERM 24

Spinal Nerve

DEFINITION 24 fused motor and sensory nerves. TERM 25

Mechanoreceptor

DEFINITION 25 responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.

Nociceptor

responds to potentially damaging stimuli; pain sensor. TERM 32

Palpebral Conjunctiva

DEFINITION 32 mucus membrane lining interior of eyelids; folds to form patch called conjunctival sac; protects and eye and keeps it wet. TERM 33

Somatosensory Receptor

DEFINITION 33 responds to changes in pressure. TERM 34

Bulbar Conjunctiva

DEFINITION 34 mucus membrane lining sclera. TERM 35

Rectus Muscles

DEFINITION 35 connect to annular ring and band of connective tissue at posterior of orbital cavity; moves eyeball side to side.

Fibrous layer of eyeball

composed of sclera and cornea; support TERM 37

Posterior segment of eyeball

DEFINITION 37 back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. TERM 38

Vascular layer of eyeball

DEFINITION 38 choroid, ciliary body, and iris; blood supply, holds lens in place, dilation of pupil. TERM 39

Oblique muscles of

eyeball

DEFINITION 39 move eye laterally TERM 40

Refraction

DEFINITION 40 bending of light from one transparent medium to another.

Accomodation

process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as its distance changes. TERM 47

Lens

DEFINITION 47 separates anterior and posterior segments; focuses light onto retina; composed of epithelium and lens fibers. TERM 48

Retina

DEFINITION 48 light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. TERM 49

Iris

DEFINITION 49 made of 2 smooth muscle layers; pigmented. TERM 50

Cones

DEFINITION 50 color sensitive photoreceptor

Rods

light sensitive photoreceptor TERM 52

Hyperopic

DEFINITION 52 farsightedness; defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance. TERM 53

Convergence

DEFINITION 53 medial rotation of eyeballs toward object being viewed. TERM 54

Lacrimal Apparatus

DEFINITION 54 tear production; tears swept across eye and into lacrimal punctum, into lacrimal canaliculous, and into the nasolacrimal duct. TERM 55

Aqueous Humor

DEFINITION 55 thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea.

Vitreous Humor

clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. TERM 62

Choroid

DEFINITION 62 vascular layer containing connective tissue and lying between the retina and the sclera; dark brown membrane that provides blood supply to layers. TERM 63

Fovea Centralis

DEFINITION 63 most cones; located in the center of the macula region of the retina. TERM 64

Emmetropic

DEFINITION 64 normal eye with light focusing properly. TERM 65

Cataracts

DEFINITION 65 clouding of the lens; age-related hardening and thickening of lens, usually due to diabetes mellitus; inadequate delivery of nutrients to deeper fibers.

Macula

sensory receptors for static equilibrium; contain supporting and hair cells; embedded in otolithic membrane. TERM 67

Sensorineural Deafness

DEFINITION 67 root cause lies in the vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial nerve VIII), the inner ear, or central processing centers of the brain; damage to neural processes. TERM 68

Conduction Deafness

DEFINITION 68 hampering of sound conduction to fluids of inner ear; ear wax buildup, perforated eardrum, etc. TERM 69

Crista Amupllaris

DEFINITION 69 receptor for dynamic equilibrium; located in ampulla of each semicircular canal; responds to rotational movements; hair cells extend into cupula. TERM 70

Semicircular Canals

DEFINITION 70 semicircular ducts line each canal and communicate with utricle.

Tympanic Membrane

separates external ear from middle ear; vibrates and sends sound waves to ossicles. TERM 77

Membranous Labyrinth

DEFINITION 77 series of membranous sacs within bony labyrinth; filled with potassium rich endolymph; TERM 78

Tectorial Membrane

DEFINITION 78 fibrous membrane covering organ of Corti; touched by stereocilia. TERM 79

Organ of Corti

DEFINITION 79 contains hair cells and supporting cells; inner canal of cochlea. TERM 80

Frequency

DEFINITION 80 number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

Saccule

detects movement in verticle plane TERM 82

Utricle

DEFINITION 82 detects horizontal movement. TERM 83

Cochlear Hair Cells

DEFINITION 83 bending of hairs influences action potentials. TERM 84

Bony Labyrinth

DEFINITION 84 vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea; perilymph filled channels running through temporal bone. TERM 85

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

DEFINITION 85 eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Ampulla

swelling at end of each of semicircular ducts which communicates which houses crista ampullaris. TERM 92

Gustation

DEFINITION 92 sense of taste TERM 93

Olfactory Cilia

DEFINITION 93 bipolar neurons which increase area for reception. TERM 94

Olfaction

DEFINITION 94 sense of smell TERM 95

Gustatory Cell

DEFINITION 95 gustatory hairs project from tips and extend through taste pore to surface of epithelium where they are bathed in saliva.

Mitrial Cells

process odors and send impulses to brain via olfactory bulb. TERM 97

Fungiform Papillae

DEFINITION 97 mushroom shaped projections on the tongue; contain tastebuds TERM 98

Olfactory Epithelium

DEFINITION 98 epithelial tissue inside nasal cavity involved in smell; yellow tinged patch of pseudostratified epithelium in roof of nasal cavity. TERM 99

Olfactory Receptor Cell

DEFINITION 99 bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia. TERM 100

Umami

DEFINITION 100 savoriness; one of five basic tastes