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Bridging theory
theory that attempts to tell us both how social structure comes about and how people become criminals. TERM 2
Celerity
DEFINITION 2 refers to how quickly an individual is punished after committing a crime. TERM 3
Certainty
DEFINITION 3 making sure the punishment takes place TERM 4
Chicago School
DEFINITION 4 established the first department of sociology in 1892 TERM 5
Concentric Zones
DEFINITION 5 The idea was that growth of cities, and the location of various areas and social problems, is not random but instead is part of a pattern. Zones include: central business district, zone of transition, zone of workingmen's homes.
Criminal Atavism
Lombroso believed that criminality was inherited and that criminals could be identified by physical defects that confirmed them as being savage. A thief, for example, could be identified by his expressive face, manual dexterity, and small, wandering eyes TERM 7
Cultural Transmission
DEFINITION 7 the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups. TERM 8
Defensible space
DEFINITION 8 Oscar Newmans idea that any physical area would be better insulated against crime if those who live there recognize it as their territory and keep careful watch over the area. TERM 9
Eugenics
DEFINITION 9 (Galton idea) argued for the improvement of human genetic qualities. Positive- aims to increase the reproduction of desirable qualities, and negative - aims to discourage the reproduction of undesirable qualities, to improve humanity and society. TERM 10
Who was the father of
sociology?
DEFINITION 10 Auguste Comte (17981857)
Metatheory
rarely testable and ways of looking and interpreting reality. TERM 17
Micro Level Theory
DEFINITION 17 used directly to explain how people become criminals.. Focus could be a specific group of people although normally a small group of people. They tell us how people become criminals. Not interested in social structure and crime rates. TERM 18
Phrenology
DEFINITION 18 the study of the external characteristics of a person skulls (bumps on the head). As an indicator of his or her personality, abilities or general propensities TERM 19
Positivism
DEFINITION 19 a philosophy related to the use of science in regulating the world about us. Features: systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, objective fact and deductive framework. August Comte. TERM 20
Rational Choice Theory
DEFINITION 20 explains offender motivation to crime as an attempt to meet commonplace needs. Determines the needs, potential cost of their actions and the anticipated benefit.
Social Disorganization
having good friends, family, and neighbors helps keep people from getting into deviant behavior. TERM 22
Somatypes
DEFINITION 22 Endomorphic , mesomorphic, ectomorphic, and ectomorphic. William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements TERM 23
Specific Detterence
DEFINITION 23 applied to an individual who committed an offense TERM 24
Unit Theory
DEFINITION 24 emphasizes a particular problem and make testable assertions about the problem.
