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Anatomy
Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open.) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. TERM 2
Physiology
DEFINITION 2 Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. TERM 3
Histology
DEFINITION 3 Histology (compound of the Greek words: ' "tissue", and - ) is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. TERM 4
Cytology
DEFINITION 4 Cytology (from Greek , kytos, "a hollow"; and , ) means "the study of cells". TERM 5
Homeostasis
DEFINITION 5 Homeostasis (from Greek: , homoios, "similar"; and , histmi, "standing still"; defined by Claude Bernard and later by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1929 and 1932) is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition.
Intrinsic Regulation
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change TERM 7
Extrinsic Regulation
DEFINITION 7 Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems TERM 8
Positive Feedback
DEFINITION 8 A system exhibiting positive feedback, in response to perturbation, acts to increase the magnitude of the perturbation. TERM 9
Negative Feedback
DEFINITION 9 Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system, with the result that the changes are attenuated. TERM 10
Atomic Number
DEFINITION 10 In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.
Catabolism
Catabolism (Greek kata = downward + ballein = to throw) is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. TERM 17
Endergonic
DEFINITION 17 Endergonic (from the suffix endo-, derived for the Greek word endon, "within" and the English suffix -ergonic, derived from the Greek word ergon, "work") means "absorbing energy in the form of work." Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. TERM 18
Exergonic
DEFINITION 18 Exergonic (from the suffix exo-, derived for the Greek word ex, "outside" and the suffix -ergonic, derived from the Greek word ergon, "work") means "releasing energy in the form of work." By thermodynamic standards, work, a form of energy, is defined as moving from the system (the internal region) to the surroundings (the external region). TERM 19
Organic
DEFINITION 19 Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. TERM 20
Inorganic
DEFINITION 20 Traditionally, inorganic compounds are considered to be of a mineral, not biological origin. Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin. Over the past century, the precise classification of inorganic vs organic compounds has become less important to scientists, primarily because the majority of known compounds are synthetic and not of natural origin. Furthermore, most compounds considered the purview of modern inorganic chemistry contain organic ligands. The fields of organometallic chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry explicitly focus on the areas between the fields of organic, biological, and inorganic chemistry.
Hydrophobic
In chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water. TERM 22
Hydrophilic
DEFINITION 22 A hydrophile, from the Greek (hydros) "water" and (philia) "love," is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by, water. TERM 23
Dehydration Reaction
DEFINITION 23 In chemistry and the biological sciences, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule. Builds molecules TERM 24
Hydrolysis Reaction
DEFINITION 24 Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which molecules of water (H2O) are split into hydrogen cations (H+) (conventionally referred to as protons) and hydroxide anions (OH) in the process of a chemical mechanism. Used to break molecules apart TERM 25
Saturated
DEFINITION 25 Have only single bonds and have a relatively low melting point
Permeable Membrane
a membrane that allows all substances to pass through. TERM 32
Selectively Permeable Membrane
DEFINITION 32 A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively- permeable membrane, a partially-permeable membrane or a differentially-permeable membrane, is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion". TERM 33
Diffusion
DEFINITION 33 Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. TERM 34
Osmosis
DEFINITION 34 Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. TERM 35
Hypotonic
DEFINITION 35 having a lower osmotic pressure than a surrounding medium or a fluid under comparison
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher salt concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood TERM 37
Isotonic
DEFINITION 37 A solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood TERM 38
Co Transport
DEFINITION 38 Co-transport, also known as coupled transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio. TERM 39
Active Transport
DEFINITION 39 Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient using energy. TERM 40
Endocytosis
DEFINITION 40 Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) from outside the cell by engulfing them with their plasma membrane.
Free Surface
In physics a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to constant perpendicular normal stress and zero parallel shear stress, TERM 47
Anatomical Levels of Organization
DEFINITION 47 Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Organelle, Molecule, Atom, Cells TERM 48
11 Systems of the Body
DEFINITION 48 Skeletal, Nervous, Lymphatic, Muscular, Integumentary, Digestive, Endocrine, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Urinary, Reproductive TERM 49
Skeletal System
DEFINITION 49 The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. it provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals. TERM 50
Nervous System
DEFINITION 50 The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system and the nerves of the body make up the peripheral nervous system
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances throughout the body. The spleen, which is located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage, works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. TERM 52
Muscular System
DEFINITION 52 The bodily system that is composed of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue and functions in movement of the body or of materials through the body, maintenance of posture, and heat production. TERM 53
Integumentary System
DEFINITION 53 The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. TERM 54
Digestive System
DEFINITION 54 The alimentary canal and digestive glands regarded as an integrated system responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food. TERM 55
Endocrine System
DEFINITION 55 In physiology, the endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands, which include the ovaries and testes. The pancreas is also part of this hormone-secreting system, even though it is also associated with the digestive system because it also produces and secretes digestive enzymes.
Superior
"above"- The head is superior to the foot TERM 62
Inferior
DEFINITION 62 "lower"- the foot is inferior to the head TERM 63
Lateral
DEFINITION 63 "to the side"- the hand is lateral to the trunk TERM 64
Medial
DEFINITION 64 "close to the mid-line"- the abdomen is medial to the trunk TERM 65
Proximal
DEFINITION 65 "closer to the trunk"- the shoulder is more proximal when compared to the hand
Distal
"toward the end of the extremities"- the hand is the distal part of the arm TERM 67
Posterior
DEFINITION 67 "to the back"- the buttocks is posterior TERM 68
Anterior
DEFINITION 68 "to the front"- the stomach is anterior TERM 69
Dorsal
DEFINITION 69 "to the back"- dorsal fin TERM 70
Ventral
DEFINITION 70 "to the front"
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Also known as the coronal section TERM 77
Transverse Plane
DEFINITION 77 The transverse plane (also called the horizontal plane, axial plane, or transaxial plane) is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Also known as a cross section TERM 78
Median Plane
DEFINITION 78 The median plane is a Midsagittal plane which bisects the body vertically through the navel, dividing the body exactly in left and right side. TERM 79
Contents of the Thoracic Cavity
DEFINITION 79 Mediastinum, the plueral cavities and the pericardial cavity. Basically the heart and lungs TERM 80
Principle Elements of the Body
DEFINITION 80 Oxygen(65%), Hydrogen(9.7%) and Carbon(18.6%), Nitrogen(3.2%), Calcium(1.8%), Phosphorous(1.)%), Potassium (.4%), Sodium (.2%), Chlorine(.2%), Magnesium(.06%), Sulfur(.04%), Iron(.007%), Iodine(.0002%),
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction TERM 82
4 important Properties of
Water
DEFINITION 82
- Adhesion 2)Cohesion 3) Specific Heat 4) Ice less dense then liquid TERM 83
Functions of the plasma membrane
DEFINITION 83 The cell's plasma membrane does not simply form a "sack" in which to keep all the cytoplasm and other cellular organelles. The plasma membrane is a very important structure which functions to allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell. It can "pump" other substance into the cell against the concentration gradient or pump other "wastes" etc. out of the cell. TERM 84
Cell Organelles
DEFINITION 84 In cell biology, an organelle () is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Phagocytic Vesicle, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromatin, Karyoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Mitochondrion, Free Ribosome TERM 85
Golgi Apparatus
DEFINITION 85 Assembles complex bio-molecules and transports them out of the cell.
Chromatin
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. TERM 92
Karyoplasm
DEFINITION 92 Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm or nuclear sap. TERM 93
Cytoskeleton
DEFINITION 93 Composed of microtubles, intermediate filaments and microfiliaments. It is involved in maintaining cell shape, fixing organelles and directing some cellular activity. TERM 94
Centriole
DEFINITION 94 Microtubles grouped together and are involved in cell division TERM 95
Plasma Membrane
DEFINITION 95 The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is a biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment.
Cytoplasm
The fluid medium in the cell TERM 97
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 97 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. This is where proteins are made TERM 98
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 98 Manufactures lipids and helps in breaking down toxic materials in the cell. TERM 99
Mitochondria
DEFINITION 99 Energy producing structure of the cell. Produces ATP and has its own DNA TERM 100
Free Ribosome
DEFINITION 100 Ribosomes found by themselves in the cytoplasm
