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Exam 1-4 with Answers and Final Study Guide - Biology for Science Majors II | BIOL 1202, Exams of Biology

Exam 1-4 With Answers and Final Study Guide Material Type: Exam; Professor: Brown; Class: BIOL FOR SCI MAJ II; Subject: Biological Sciences; University: Louisiana State University;

Typology: Exams

2011/2012

Uploaded on 01/31/2012

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Cumulative Final Exam Potential Questions and Correction of Exams 1-4
BIOL 1202, Fall 2010
Exam 1:
1. Natural selection is a _______.
2. Who developed the first mechanism for evolution?
3. What observation was the critical one first made by Darwin?
4. Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos Islands are an example of _______.
5. “Super bugs” (antibiotic resistant bacteria) are an example of _______.
6. If Endler (the biologist studying the evolution of male color patterns in Trinidad guppies)
had instead transferred guppies from a pool with no predators to one with pike cichlids
(voracious predators), then _______.
7. The similar anatomy of sugar gliders and flying squirrels is an example of _______.
8. What provides for evidence for evolution? List.
9. Which statement is correct about natural selection?
It produces perfectly adapted individuals.
It affects traits with no genetic basis.
It works at the population level.
It is the source of all genetic variation.
10. 4% of specific population of plants has white flowers (CWCW). What fraction of the
population are heterozygotes (CRCW), assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of the
alleles at the locus?
11. What suggests genetic drift might have occurred in a species?
12. The loss of genetic variation in Prairie chickens occurred because of _______.
13. The presence of copper-resistant grasses in fields near (but not on) copper mines
probably suggests _______.
14. Which statement is correct about mutation?
Mutation rates are too low to explain changes in allele frequency.
Most mutations are deleterious in natural populations.
Most mutations are hidden in heterozygotes or are selectively neutral.
Mutation is the source of variation acted upon by selection.
15. Selection on human birth weight is an example of _______.
16. A slow change in gene frequency across geographic distance is probably a _______.
17. An increase in fitness of a rare allele is _______.
18. Sickle cell anemia is common in the tropics because of _______.
19. In which case might sex likely evolve or be maintained?
One cell animal reproducing by binary fission
All genetic variants in the offspring have the same fitness
When genetically variable offspring are adaptive to fight parasites
20. If males in a bird species spend all their time brooding eggs on the nest, while females
invest little in reproduction, based on sexual selection, _______.
21. Which does not limit natural selection being able to produce adaptation?
Phylogenetic constraints
Trade-offs between pairs of traits
Small population size and genetic drift
Lack of genetic variation
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Download Exam 1-4 with Answers and Final Study Guide - Biology for Science Majors II | BIOL 1202 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Cumulative Final Exam Potential Questions and Correction of Exams 1- BIOL 1202, Fall 2010 Exam 1:

  1. Natural selection is a _______.
  2. Who developed the first mechanism for evolution?
  3. What observation was the critical one first made by Darwin?
  4. Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos Islands are an example of _______.
  5. “Super bugs” (antibiotic resistant bacteria) are an example of _______.
  6. If Endler (the biologist studying the evolution of male color patterns in Trinidad guppies) had instead transferred guppies from a pool with no predators to one with pike cichlids (voracious predators), then _______.
  7. The similar anatomy of sugar gliders and flying squirrels is an example of _______.
  8. What provides for evidence for evolution? List.
  9. Which statement is correct about natural selection? It produces perfectly adapted individuals. It affects traits with no genetic basis. It works at the population level. It is the source of all genetic variation.
  10. 4% of specific population of plants has white flowers (CWCW). What fraction of the population are heterozygotes (CRCW), assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of the alleles at the locus?
  11. What suggests genetic drift might have occurred in a species?
  12. The loss of genetic variation in Prairie chickens occurred because of _______.
  13. The presence of copper-resistant grasses in fields near (but not on) copper mines probably suggests _______.
  14. Which statement is correct about mutation? Mutation rates are too low to explain changes in allele frequency. Most mutations are deleterious in natural populations. Most mutations are hidden in heterozygotes or are selectively neutral. Mutation is the source of variation acted upon by selection.
  15. Selection on human birth weight is an example of _______.
  16. A slow change in gene frequency across geographic distance is probably a _______.
  17. An increase in fitness of a rare allele is _______.
  18. Sickle cell anemia is common in the tropics because of _______.
  19. In which case might sex likely evolve or be maintained? One cell animal reproducing by binary fission All genetic variants in the offspring have the same fitness When genetically variable offspring are adaptive to fight parasites
  20. If males in a bird species spend all their time brooding eggs on the nest, while females invest little in reproduction, based on sexual selection, _______.
  21. Which does not limit natural selection being able to produce adaptation? Phylogenetic constraints Trade-offs between pairs of traits Small population size and genetic drift Lack of genetic variation
  1. If two different alleles are fixed at a locus in two isolated populations of a species, but fertile offspring still occurred after individuals from both population mate in the lab, _______.
  2. Two land snail species with shells coiling in opposite directions are an example of _______.
  3. Reproductive barriers to hybridization in frogs often involve _______.
  4. Which of the following is not an example of allopatric speciation? Drosophilia reared on different substrates Madagascar frogs Squirrels on either side of the Grand Canyon Cichlid fish in African lakes
  5. Which statement supports the “punctuated equilibrium” model? Speciation occurs over short evolutionary times in the fossil record. Stabilizing selection breaks down when a new habitat is invaded. Changes in ploidy can produce rapid speciation.
  6. What could maintain reproductive isolation between two species when they again become sympatric?
  7. Which statements are correct about “evo-devo”? Allometric growth can produce divergent adult phenotypes. Chromosomal duplication can free alleles to produce new phenotypes. Altering where or how developmental genes are expressed can cause radically new morphology.
  8. Which statement about phylogenies is incorrect? Branches of unequal length can represent the degree of genetic divergence or the age of the clade. Out-groups should be chosen to share all derived homologies present in the clade. Phylogenies can assume the fewest mutations necessary to produce clades or assume evolutionary rates are similar in all clades. Phylogenies are hypotheses about evolutionary descent.

Describe each plant group listed below:

  1. Bryophytes
  2. Pteridophytes
  3. Gymnosperms
  4. Angiosperms Describe each fungal phylum listed below:
  5. Chytrids
  6. Zygote fungi
  7. Glomeromycetes
  8. Sac fungi (Ascomycetes)
  9. Basidiomycetes (club fungi) Describe each group of protists listed below:
  10. Ciliates
  11. Kinetoplastids ( Trypanosoma )
  12. Apicomplexan ( Plasmodium )
  13. Staminopiles
  14. Green algae
  1. Which stage in the figure below would have organelles with three membranes? (two from bacteria and one from algae):
  2. Which statement is correct? The apical meristem is involved in the thickening of a tree trunk. Axillary buds are dominant to terminal buds. Phloem cells are dead at maturity. Dicots have vascular bundles scattered randomly inside the shoot.
  3. Palisade cells inside a leaf that photosynthesize are an example of _______.
  4. Saponins are _______.
  5. Which of the following is true of both plants and bacteria? They are both eukaryotes. Both have nuclear membranes. Both can be genetically engineered to become “bio-factories.” Both have alternation of generations.
  6. Plants with red or orange flowers…
  7. Which statement is correct about seed plant evolution? Angiosperms evolved before gymnosperms. Angiosperm evolution involved co-evolution with pollinators. Coniferous forests occur in warm, moist conditions (i.e. tropical rain forests) Coniferous forests were replaced by lycophytes and tree ferns.
  8. If an organism has microscopic gametophytes, a dominant sporophyte, and leaves with parallel veins, it is a _______.
  9. If an organism was common in carboniferous forests, has the gametophyte as the dominant phase of the life cycle, reproduces with spores, and has leaves that are microphylls, it is a _______.
  10. Which of the following is a homology between plants and green algae? Similar cell division Cellulose synthesis Similar sperm

Exam 3:

  1. What enzyme has a low pH optimum?

  2. What is a good adaptation for herbivores?

  3. The pancreas secretes additional amylases because _______.

  4. The liver does all of the following except: Releases HCO 3 -^ to neutralize chime Produces bile Stores bile Stores glycogen

  5. Which of the following is correct about the stomach? No absorption occurs across the epithelium. Parietal cells secrete pepsin. Chief cells secrete pepsin. Pyloric sphincter controls bolus entry from the esophagus.

  6. Large molecular weight fatty acids would be carried away by what in the figure below?

  7. Which structure is involved in the respiration of invertebrates?

  8. Which structure is involved in torsion in gastropods?

  9. Where is bulk flow caused by hydrostatic pressure? Describe the following terms:

  10. Insecta

  11. Urochordata

  12. Cephalocordata

  13. Reptilia

  14. Amphibia

  15. Polyplacophora

  16. Gastropoda

  17. Bivalvia

  18. Cephalopoda

  19. Nematode

  20. Turbellaria

  21. Trematoda

  22. Cestoda

  23. Hirudenea

  24. Polychaeta

  25. Hydrozoa

  26. Scyphozoa

  27. Anthozoa

  28. Sponges

  29. Portuguese man-of-war

  1. Which of the following is correct? Tropical animals have broad thermo-neutral zones. The thermo-neutral zone is where body temperature is maintained by elevated metabolic rates. Homeotherms dilate peripheral circulation in cold environments. Homeotherms enter torpor/hibernation to conserve energy in cold environments.
  2. Female oysters invest tremendous energy reserves in spawning. Based upon this, you might expect _______ to occur.
  3. Which nitrogenous waste product results in the smallest loss of water in the urine?
  4. What is the best way for a large desert mammal to maintain its water balance?
  5. Where is water flowing osmotically across the membrane?
  6. What organism has a protonephric kidney?
  7. What can remove heat from an animal?

Describe the following terms:

  1. Chemokines
  2. Epitopes
  3. Plasma cell
  4. Multiple sclerosis
  5. Latency and antigen alteration
  6. What aquatic species is a hyper-osmoregulator?
  7. In a hypertonic external environment, an organism should _______.
  8. Which is correct about macrophages? Macrophages attack bacteria by phagocytosis. They have membrane receptors for bacteria and vesicular receptors for viruses. Macrophages attack bacteria in lymph nodes. They present antigens to helper T lymphocytes.
  9. What response of an organism is part of the innate (non-specific) response?
  10. Why are both the humoral and cell mediated response necessary?
  11. Which is correct about acquired immunity? Exposure to an antigen causes the induction (formation) of new lymphocyte receptors. Each B lymphocyte has thousands of different receptors on its surface. B lymphocytes attack infected cells by lysing them. B lymphocytes are activated by macrophages and helper T cells. Killer T cells produce antibodies that attack blood-borne pathogens.
  12. You are on call in the ER and someone comes in with severe anaphylactic shock. You should _______.
  13. Which of the following is correct? Oxygen is more available in water than in air. No lung/gill is necessary if Surface Area/Volume < 1. A positive pressure lung is more efficient than a negative pressure lung. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. Hemoglobin is 100% saturated at a pO 2 level of 40.
  14. Which of the following is correct? An increase in PCO 2 at the cell level causes increased O 2 affinity by hemoglobin. Most oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood. Blood pH is regulated by pO 2 , pCO 2 in the blood of terrestrial mammals determines their breathing rate. Describe the following terms:
  15. Hematocrit
  16. Myogenic
  17. Hemophilia
  18. Arteriosclerosis
  19. Pneumonia
  1. This artery carries blood from the heart to the _______.
  2. Systole refers to when _______.
  3. What would decrease heartbeat rate from its resting value?
  4. If blood osmotic pressure increases, you should _______.
  5. If diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg, it would most likely suggest _______.

Exam 1:

  1. Theory
  2. Lamarck
  3. Populations are limited by the environment.
  4. Adaptive radiation
  5. Directional selection and artificial selection
  6. Males would become less colorful.
  7. Convergent evolution
  8. Morphological or molecular homologies, fossil records, vestigial traits, and artificial selection
  9. None 10..
  10. There are fewer heterozygotes than predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
  11. Genetic drift and bottlenecks
  12. Gene flow is occurring.
  13. All are correct.
  14. Stabilizing selection
  15. Cline
  16. Frequency dependent selection
  17. Heterozygote advantage
  18. When genetically variable offspring are adaptive to fight parasites
  19. Females would be showy.
  20. All can limit selection.
  21. The populations belong to the same biological species.
  22. Pre-zygotic mechanical isolation
  23. Post-zygotic reduced hybrid viability
  24. Cichlid fish in African lakes
  25. All support the model.
  26. Males from sympatric populations of both species look very different.
  27. All are correct.
  28. Out-groups should be chosen to share all derived homologies present in the clade.
  29. Know how the percentage of amino acids shared among species affects their places in phylogenies.
  30. DKPCOFGS (King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup.)
  31. A chemo-heterotroph
  32. Attacking their cell walls
  33. Gram-positive bacteria
  34. Gram-negative bacteria
  35. Plasmids increase resistance to antibiotics by transferring genetic information.
  36. DNA coding for mRNA
  37. Genetic variation in sexually produced offspring helps combat against diseases/parasites.
  38. Disruptive

Exam 3:

  1. Pepsin
  2. Flat, grinding teeth and a long gut with diverticulae
  3. Salivary amylase is digested in the stomach.
  4. The liver does not store bile.
  5. None of the choices are correct.
  6. Where the lacteal is located (yellow structure is the correct choice on test)
  7. Notochord
  8. B (Answer on test); Trachea (Answer to study guide modified question)
  9. B (The visceral mass of the animal rotates 180° to one side during torsion.)
  10. D
  11. Three tagmata; three pairs of walking legs
  12. Urochordata possibly gave rise to vertebrates by paedogenesis.
  13. All four homologies are present in the adults of Cephalocordata.
  14. Reptiles possess amniotic eggs.
  15. Amphibians were the first tetrapods.
  16. Polyplacophora has an articulated eight piece shell.
  17. Gastropoda has torsion and radula.
  18. Bivalvia: secondary simplified, filter-feeding ctenidium
  19. Cephalopods are predators and had convergent evolution with vertebrates.
  20. Nematodes cause elephantiasis.
  21. Turbellaria are free living, acoelomate, and cephalized.
  22. Trematoda causes schistosomiasis.
  23. Cestoda: secondary simplified, pseudo-segmented
  24. Hirudinea has a reduced coelom and is ectoparasitic.
  25. Polychaeta are marine animals and swim with parapodia.
  26. Hydrozoans often have a colonial polyp stage.
  27. Scyphozoans have a polyp present, but it is reduced.
  28. Anthozoans have medusa absent from their life cycle.
  29. Sponges lack symmetry/gut, but possess an internal skeleton.
  30. Portuguese man-of-war produces neurotoxins.
  31. Body cavities
  32. Abscicic acid
  33. Both pluses and minuses, make up much of the US corn crop, and are controversial (corrected answers from the original choice).
  34. Hybrid cross between wheat and rye that is more resistant to cold weather and poor soil
  35. Three million years ago
  36. Hydrostatic flow, proton pumps, co-transport, and osmotic flow of water (“All of the above” choice was the correct answer for the original question.)
  37. Guard cells are turgid and when CO 2 in the leaf is low.
  38. Water will move from leaves to the roots.
  39. No net flow of water will occur.
  40. Co-transport depends on the H+^ pump.
  41. Brachiopoda
  42. Crustacean

Exam 4:

  1. Sustains the endometrium and blocks the growth of new follicles
  2. Ectoderm
  3. Gastrulation
  4. “DNA content in the nucleus declines as cells differentiate” would not fit with the other options.
  5. Altering cleavage so that the grey crescent was only passed on to one of the embryos showed that parts of the amphibian embryo carried positional information.
  6. Homeotherms enter torpor/hibernation to conserve energy in cold environments.
  7. Protandry (individuals become female as they grow)
  8. FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone (Answer choice: B)
  9. Uric acid
  10. Allow its body temperature to vary to minimize water loss to evaporative cooling
  11. Answer choice: A
  12. Flatworm
  13. Evaporation and radiation
  14. Chemokines are involved in cell-to-cell communication.
  15. Epitopes are antigens.
  16. Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
  17. Multiple sclerosis is an auto-immune disease.
  18. Latency and antigen alteration occur during AIDS infections.
  19. Freshwater fish are hyper-osmoregulators.
  20. Secrete salts from gills and produce a concentrated urine
  21. Macrophages attack bacteria by phagocytosis, have membrane receptors for bacteria and vesicular receptors for viruses, attack bacteria in lymph nodes, and present antigens to helped T lymphocytes (“All of the above” answer was the correct answer to the original question.)
  22. Inflammatory response
  23. Both responses are necessary to attack blood-borne pathogens and infected host cells.
  24. B lymphocytes are activated by microphages and helper T cells.
  25. Inject IgG immunoglobins intravenously
  26. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity.
  27. pCO 2 in the blood of terrestrial mammals determines their breathing rate.
  28. Hematocrit: tells if anemic
  29. Myogenic: contracts without nervous innervations
  30. Hemophilia: clotting mechanism depressed
  31. Arteriosclerosis: plaque deposits
  32. Pneumonia: fluid in lungs
  33. No answer choice is correct.
  34. Thin, moist membranes, counter-current mechanisms, movement of fluid/air on both sides of membrane, and a large concentration gradient of gases across the membrane are all mechanisms that increase the efficiency of a lung or gill (“All of the above” answer was the correct answer to the original question.)
  35. C
  36. Birds and mammals
  37. Vena cava and the pulmonary artery