Download Evolutionary Biology lecture 1-6 and more Study notes Evolutionary biology in PDF only on Docsity!

WHAT IS EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

Evoluti

on Diversi

ty

Ecolo

gy

Evolutio

n

Biogeography

Ecology

Physiolog

y

Anato

my

Geneti

cs

Morphology

Cytolog

y

Developme

nt

What does evolution

mean?

Conservation

Biology?

Medici

ne

Extinction +

Endangerment

Negative species interaction

(invasives)

1. Viruses
2. Vaccines
3. Sickle Cell

Anemia

How do we target viruses with vaccines

that change?

Agricult

1. Food ure

production

2. Pesticide

reduction

Hisory of the earth?

• formation of the earth
• what happens next four major

time periods

• summary points in the history of

time

Origin of life

• extra terrestrial origins
• what is life
• The earth before life

originated

• four steps

LECTURE 2 - FORMATION OF EARTH AND

ORGIGIN OF LIFE

Formation of the

earth

Protoplanetary disk - rotating cloud of dust and rocks

made in Big Bang

4.6 billion years ago it was destroyed in SUPER

NOVA

accelerated and mass concentrated in middle and heated up - formed

sun

small colliding objects remained in disk - protoplanets

formed

Planets - smaller objects collide to

form larger obj.

n

J

r

change

through

time

"

..

.

¥¥¥

2..

°

Woolly

Mammoth

~

"

¥%wy

"

I

?ᵗ°osy?E8ˢ\

IF

↓

:*

:

why

doesnt

it die out

I

.

CENOZOIC

ERA

65 mya -

now

• age of

mammals- first

humans

Phanerozoic eon = Paleozoic,

Mesozoic + Cenozoic

4 steps to life on early

earth

Abiotic

synthesisFormation of

polymers

Formation of

protobiontsOrigin of hereditary

material

MILLER UREY

EXPERIMENTS

• early

earth

• amino acids, nucleotides,

sugars, lipid, atp

CL

AY

• clay

is +- bind to -

monomers

1. ABIOTIC

SYNTHESIS

RNA

WORLD

4. ORIGIN OF

HEREDITARY INFO

2 + 3 FORMATION OF POLYMERS +

PROTOBIONTS

• aids in formation of

polymers

• easy forms

abiotically- can replicate

itself

• has hereditary

info

• catalytic

properties

Viords may be

clue

precursors of

cells

I.

manymolearcles together

"Protein

Hydrophilic

head

3

form Protobionts

froirisiitof

its

800 motoring is

single molecule

⑧

-tiny

bits of rawDNA

-in potatos

Lecture 3 - the history of evolution

Anaximand

er

theorize that all life comes from

preexisting life

Common decent - all organisms came from common

ancestor

Transmutation Of species - ew species come from

already existing species

Carolus

Linnaeus

Binomial Nomenclature - common genus

Hierarchy of organisms- organization of

species into groups by relatedness and

descent

James

Hutton

Founder of modern

geology

Sedimentation - sediments deposited by water

compressed to form stone“Great coupling of destruction” with

erosion (renewal)

Gradualism - profound change is the cumulating product of slow but

continuous process First major contradiction to young earth

hypothesis “We find no vestige of a beginning [of time], no

prospect of an end”

Adam

Smith

Chaos is covered by

“ invisible hand”

Benefit of

competition

Jean-Baptiste

Lamark

1st complete theory of evolution

Acquired traits - use/disuse traits are passed down to

offspring

Environmental forces shape adaptation

Thomas

Malthus

Populations grow geometrically, while food

supplies grow linearly;

Disasters help to level population w/ food

supply

Kingdomoles

any

species

t

The Great Geological

Clock

Population

Food Supply

Intermediate

forms

“ missing

links”

• Archaeopteryx - transition of reptile and bird
  • Tiktaalik - fish + amphibian

Ambulocetus Natans - whales

Horses - equidae - large

lineage now 1

Hyracotherium - first

horse ~ tiny

Problem with

missing links?

You can never really eliminate links, each link will

create two new links

Alfred Russell

Wallace

Co-discoverer of natural

selection

Work in Lombok and Bali - prompts Darwin’s publication of

Origin of Species

Wallace’s Line

explained force/ mechanism in creating new species from

already exisiting species

Western islands

were once

connected to Asia

New Guinea was

once connected

to Australia

Lecture 5 - Mendel and Basic Genetics

GREGOR

MENDEL

Worked with sweet peas bc small size, and short

generation time

TRUE

BREEDING

To see blending inheritance - parents traits blended to for,

intermediate formProblem - organisms would begin to look alike

All offspring look like

parents

t

NON-TRUE

BREEDING

Offspring don’t look like

parents

MONOHYBRI

D CROSS

Single trait

cross True breeding =

homozygous

F2 Phenotype

ratio = 3:1F2 Genotype

DIHYBRID

CROSS

Two traits

cross

2 letters = two

traits

Phenotype

ratio=9:3:3:

Dihybrid cross

9/16 round

yellow

3/16 round

green

3/16 winkled

hello

1/16 winkled

green

BLENDING INHERITANCE

DOESN’T HAPPEN

t

P Generation F. Generation

↑Generation

Cross

Fertilization

#Generation

p W Self Cross

PPPp

PP

2 Generation

Purple

Non-Fe

e

White

Recessive

Breeding

'True-Breeding

Bee

seven

in

RY

RY wY

r Y

Gametes

EPIST

ASIS

Many genes affect

1 trait

Ex. Coat

color

Non-

additive

Not

continuousFewer genes involved than in poly

genetic inheritance

Can’t know phenotype of trait unless you know all of

genotypes

PLEIOT

ROPY

When a single copy of a gene has multiple

outcomes

• can be

protective

Ex. Single cell anemia - advantage

against malaria

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE V.

CODOMINANCE

Incomplete

dominance

Parental phenotypes blend in the

heterozygote F1 is an intermediate

between the two

parents

Ends in the F

generation

Codomin

ance

Heterozygotes show some

aspect of both homozygous

phenotypes Show both parental

phenotypes unblended

eebb

or ecBb Eebl 22BB

(brown

<black

nose (

nose)

gene-whether

dark

pigment

is in hair shaft

Bgene-how

dark the

pigment

is

08()

A

RR Br Genotype

8 p

ENVIROMENTAL

FACTORS

The environment effects how genes are

expressedEx. Temp sensitive expression in

Siamese catsMelanin - temp sensitive enzyme that’s inactive

at warmer temp

lLettf

LECTURE 6 - WHAT

MENDEL DIDN’T KNOW '

CHROMO

SOMES

Chromosomal theory of

inheritance

Chromosomes carry

genetic material

chromosom

es

Karyotypes - photograph individual chromosomes

homologous

chromosomes

centrom

ere

sister

chromatids

MITO

SIS

2N - 4N - 2N

(diploid)

Cell - DNA replication - cell division - 2 daughter

cells

outcome -identical copy of chromosomes

in parent cell

MEIOSI

S

2N - 4N - 2N - 1N

(haploid)

Half as much DNA

as start DNA doesn’t

replicate

Only in gonads

Homologous pairs join + cross over - daughter cells

re-condense - chromatids pull apart + cell divides -

daughter cell

• more mel,

warmer

---

23 mon

23 cac

Sotton-Dover theory

Past

Part

of

tidal

attra

single) -chromaticanosomes

replicate

-Genetically

DisFinct

PROT

EINS

last part of CENTRAL

DOGMA

Essential to all life

functions Different combinations of the 20

amino acids

Encoded by 3 letter units

known as codons

CODON

CHART

Codon charts used to translate RNA to

proteinsReading frame is 3 RNA bases to

one protein

START codons - initiate

translation

STOP codons -

terminate

THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE GENETIC CODE IS ONE

OF THE STRONGEST PEICES OF EVIDENCE THAT

ALL LIVING ORGANISMS SHARE A COMMON

ANCESTOR

LECTURE 7 - EVOLUTIONARY FORCES

converted ·

Master Instruction

Portions of DNAcgenes)

Ec RNA

Provide

pastion.

Protein

Manual

translation

DNA

RNA

PROTEIN

how

proteins

are formed transcription