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formation of the earth, history of evolution, scientists, Mendel and basic genetics, chromosones
Typology: Study notes
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WHAT IS EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Evoluti
on Diversi
ty
Ecolo
gy
Evolutio
n
Biogeography
Ecology
Physiolog
y
Anato
my
Geneti
cs
Morphology
Cytolog
y
Developme
nt
What does evolution
mean?
Conservation
Biology?
Medici
ne
Extinction +
Endangerment
Negative species interaction
(invasives)
Anemia
How do we target viruses with vaccines
that change?
Agricult
production
reduction
Hisory of the earth?
time periods
time
Origin of life
originated
Formation of the
earth
Protoplanetary disk - rotating cloud of dust and rocks
made in Big Bang
4.6 billion years ago it was destroyed in SUPER
NOVA
accelerated and mass concentrated in middle and heated up - formed
sun
small colliding objects remained in disk - protoplanets
formed
Planets - smaller objects collide to
form larger obj.
n
J
r
time
"
..
.
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2..
°
Woolly
Mammoth
~
"
¥%wy
"
I
?ᵗ°osy?E8ˢ\
IF
↓
:*
:
why
doesnt
it die out
I
.
65 mya -
now
mammals- first
humans
Phanerozoic eon = Paleozoic,
Mesozoic + Cenozoic
4 steps to life on early
earth
Abiotic
synthesisFormation of
polymers
Formation of
protobiontsOrigin of hereditary
material
MILLER UREY
EXPERIMENTS
earth
sugars, lipid, atp
CL
AY
is +- bind to -
monomers
RNA
WORLD
polymers
abiotically- can replicate
itself
info
properties
Viords may be
clue
precursors of
cells
I.
manymolearcles together
"Protein
Hydrophilic
head
3
form Protobionts
froirisiitof
its
800 motoring is
single molecule
⑧
-tiny
bits of rawDNA
-in potatos
Lecture 3 - the history of evolution
Anaximand
er
theorize that all life comes from
preexisting life
Common decent - all organisms came from common
ancestor
Transmutation Of species - ew species come from
already existing species
Carolus
Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature - common genus
Hierarchy of organisms- organization of
species into groups by relatedness and
descent
James
Hutton
Founder of modern
geology
Sedimentation - sediments deposited by water
compressed to form stone“Great coupling of destruction” with
erosion (renewal)
Gradualism - profound change is the cumulating product of slow but
continuous process First major contradiction to young earth
hypothesis “We find no vestige of a beginning [of time], no
prospect of an end”
Adam
Smith
Chaos is covered by
“ invisible hand”
Benefit of
competition
Jean-Baptiste
Lamark
1st complete theory of evolution
Acquired traits - use/disuse traits are passed down to
offspring
Environmental forces shape adaptation
Thomas
Malthus
Populations grow geometrically, while food
supplies grow linearly;
Disasters help to level population w/ food
supply
Kingdomoles
any
species
t
The Great Geological
Clock
Population
Food Supply
Intermediate
forms
“ missing
links”
Ambulocetus Natans - whales
Horses - equidae - large
lineage now 1
Hyracotherium - first
horse ~ tiny
Problem with
missing links?
You can never really eliminate links, each link will
create two new links
Alfred Russell
Wallace
Co-discoverer of natural
selection
Work in Lombok and Bali - prompts Darwin’s publication of
Origin of Species
Wallace’s Line
explained force/ mechanism in creating new species from
already exisiting species
Western islands
were once
connected to Asia
New Guinea was
once connected
to Australia
Lecture 5 - Mendel and Basic Genetics
GREGOR
MENDEL
Worked with sweet peas bc small size, and short
generation time
To see blending inheritance - parents traits blended to for,
intermediate formProblem - organisms would begin to look alike
All offspring look like
parents
t
NON-TRUE
BREEDING
Offspring don’t look like
parents
MONOHYBRI
D CROSS
Single trait
cross True breeding =
homozygous
F2 Phenotype
ratio = 3:1F2 Genotype
DIHYBRID
CROSS
Two traits
cross
2 letters = two
traits
Phenotype
ratio=9:3:3:
Dihybrid cross
9/16 round
yellow
3/16 round
green
3/16 winkled
hello
1/16 winkled
green
t
P Generation F. Generation
↑Generation
Cross
Fertilization
#Generation
p W Self Cross
PPPp
PP
2 Generation
Purple
Non-Fe
e
White
Recessive
Breeding
'True-Breeding
Bee
seven
RY
RY wY
r Y
Gametes
Many genes affect
1 trait
Ex. Coat
color
Non-
additive
Not
continuousFewer genes involved than in poly
genetic inheritance
Can’t know phenotype of trait unless you know all of
genotypes
When a single copy of a gene has multiple
outcomes
protective
Ex. Single cell anemia - advantage
against malaria
Incomplete
dominance
Parental phenotypes blend in the
heterozygote F1 is an intermediate
between the two
parents
Ends in the F
generation
Codomin
ance
Heterozygotes show some
aspect of both homozygous
phenotypes Show both parental
phenotypes unblended
eebb
or ecBb Eebl 22BB
(brown
<black
nose (
nose)
gene-whether
dark
pigment
is in hair shaft
Bgene-how
dark the
pigment
is
08()
A
RR Br Genotype
8 p
ENVIROMENTAL
FACTORS
The environment effects how genes are
expressedEx. Temp sensitive expression in
Siamese catsMelanin - temp sensitive enzyme that’s inactive
at warmer temp
lLettf
LECTURE 6 - WHAT
MENDEL DIDN’T KNOW '
Chromosomal theory of
inheritance
Chromosomes carry
genetic material
chromosom
es
Karyotypes - photograph individual chromosomes
homologous
chromosomes
centrom
ere
sister
chromatids
(diploid)
Cell - DNA replication - cell division - 2 daughter
cells
outcome -identical copy of chromosomes
in parent cell
MEIOSI
S
(haploid)
Half as much DNA
as start DNA doesn’t
replicate
Only in gonads
Homologous pairs join + cross over - daughter cells
re-condense - chromatids pull apart + cell divides -
daughter cell
warmer
23 mon
23 cac
Sotton-Dover theory
single) -chromaticanosomes
replicate
-Genetically
DisFinct
last part of CENTRAL
Essential to all life
functions Different combinations of the 20
amino acids
Encoded by 3 letter units
known as codons
Codon charts used to translate RNA to
proteinsReading frame is 3 RNA bases to
one protein
START codons - initiate
translation
STOP codons -
terminate
converted ·
Master Instruction
Portions of DNAcgenes)
Ec RNA
Provide
pastion.
Protein
Manual
translation
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
how
proteins
are formed transcription