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Bio Exam 2 Ventura College (Ch 13-19)
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What is a good, brief definition of evolution as relevant to biology? - ✔✔Change over time in the characteristics of a population Does the theory of evolution imply a particular mechanism (yes/no)? - ✔✔No What phrase did Darwin prefer to the word evolution? - ✔✔Descent with modification Prior to the formulation of the idea (not really a theory yet) of evolution species were viewed as ___. - ✔✔Species were unchanging How did Aristotle rank species in his ladder of Nature? - ✔✔Proximity to perfection Provide 3 basic aspects of the fossil record that scientists learned in the time when evolution was being developed as a theory? - ✔✔1. Certain fossils were ALWAYS FOUND IN SAME THE LAYER OF ROCK
- Fossils showed a PATTERN OF PROGRESSION
- Fossils represented EXTINCT SPECIES What is the term for the belief that rock layers, fossils, and extinctions have been caused by events such as the story of the great (Noah's) flood written in the Bible? - ✔✔Catastrophism What two men determined that the Earth was older than the Bible-based estimates popular at the time and/or popularized this view of an old Earth? - ✔✔Hutton and Lyell What is the term for the theory that the processes that shape the Earth today are the same and occur at the same rate as the processes that have shaped the Earth in the past? - ✔✔Uniformitariansim
What potential (but now refuted) mechanism of evolution was proposed by Lamark, a french biologist? - ✔✔Inheritance of acquired characteristics What do we know now, that wasn't even possible to think about in Lamark's time, that leads us to reject/refute his proposed mechanism of evolution the Inheritance of Acquired Characters? - ✔✔The central dogma suggests information can be transferred from DNA --> RNA --> Protein, but NOT back from Protein --> DNA Who developed the theory of Natural Selection after traveling the world from 1831-1836 and wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection to provide a logical argument in support his theory? - ✔✔Charles Darwin Which of Darwin's two major influences gave him the gift of time? - ✔✔Lyell Which of Darwin's two major influences gave him the basis of the idea for what would become known as fitness? - ✔✔Malthus What theory did Lyell introduce to Darwin in his book Principles of Geology? - ✔✔Uniformatarianism What concept did Malthus introduce Darwin to in his Essay on the Principles of Population? - ✔✔Struggle for limited resources Who simultaneously proposed the theory of Natural Selection with Darwin? - ✔✔Alfred Russel Wallace What is Wallace known for in addition to his role in the formulation of Natural Selection? - ✔✔Father of biogeography What is the general term for the remains of individuals, including both their features and
What type of structures appear to serve no purpose but are present, perhaps in a reduced form, within a group as a result of ancestry? - ✔✔(snake spur) Vestigial structures How is an inactive GLO gene (for making vitamin C) in humans evidence for evolution? - ✔✔It is a vestigial gene What type of structures are seen when a species displays a feature that would normally only be found in its ancestors (e.g. human tail) as a result of the expression of a gene that is normally not expressed? - ✔✔(evolutionary throwback) Atavisms What 3 factors in populations, when combined, result in natural selection? - ✔✔1. Individual members of a population DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER
- At least some variation in a population INHERITED FROM PARENTS
- Individuals differ in FITNESS AS A RESULT THEIR TRAITS What helped Darwin see the role of variation and heredity in natural selection? - ✔✔Artificial selection (the controlled breeding of plans and animals to produce desired results) What term means the number of offspring left by an individual relative to the number of offspring left by an average member of the population? - ✔✔Fitness Provide a simple definition of fitness (in regards to evolution). - ✔✔Relative reproduction What strategy, taken to an extreme in organisms like humans and elephants, can increase an organisms fitness because, from the perspective of evolution, children must survive to the age of reproduction? - ✔✔Parental care What happens, to the target organisms, when we apply pesticides or antibiotics? - ✔✔Organisms evolve resistance
Natural Selection has been shown in studies where guppies are brighter in _____ environments? - ✔✔Predator-free The adaptation of moths to polluted forests in England, now reversed because of clean air standards, is referred to as _____. - ✔✔Industrial melanism A follow-up study of moths and polluted forests confirmed that the selective agent on the moths producing the change was _____. - ✔✔Birds What produces the variation (new alleles) that Natural Selection requires to work? - ✔✔Mutations Do mutations occur to meet an organisms needs? - ✔✔No How does sexual reproduction provide genetic variation for natural selection to work on? - ✔✔Shuffling of gametes Provide 3 ways in which sexual reproduction produces variation in gametes? - ✔✔1. Crossing over
- Independent assortment
- Random fertilization What is the "unit of evolution"? - ✔✔Population What term is used for a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area? - ✔✔Population What is the "unit of natural selection"? - ✔✔Individual Do individuals evolve during their lifetime? - ✔✔No
What do we call the genetic drift resulting from a loss of alleles when a population is reduced to a very small number, often as the result of overhunting? - ✔✔Bottleneck effect What do we call the genetic drift resulting from a new colony differing in allele frequencies from the source population? - ✔✔Founder effect What do we call the gain or loss of alleles when fertile individuals or gametes move between populations? - ✔✔Gene flow What is the main evolutionary effect of gene flow? - ✔✔Reduce differences between populations What form of selection 'favors' individuals at one extreme of the range of a trait, shifting the average value of the trait in that direction? - ✔✔Directional selection (light or dark, not med color) What form of selection 'favors' individuals with the average value for a trait, decreasing the variation around the mean? - ✔✔Stabilizing selection (med billed bird, not sm of lg) What form of selection 'favors' individuals at both extremes, causing the population to split into two groups (forms or perhaps even different species)? - ✔✔Distributive selection (rare- black or white- blends into a checkerboard habitat) What form of selection acts on traits that help animals acquire a mate and is driven by contests between members of the same sex or mate choice (generally exerted by females)? - ✔✔Sexual selection What does natural selection end up selecting for (in general terms)? - ✔✔Best adapted to the current environment
What term is used for a group of populations that evolve independently of other such groups? - ✔✔Species What species concept describes a species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups? - ✔✔Biological species concept What type of species is the biological species concept not good for? - ✔✔Species that reproduce asexually What concept does the biological species rely on? - ✔✔Relative isolation What is the general term for traits that prevent interbreeding between different species? - ✔✔Isolating mechanism Which isolating mechanism is viewed more as a mechanism of separation than something that maintains reproductive isolation because interbreeding is prevented by distance? - ✔✔Geographical isolation In what isolating mechanism does the use of different resources, and therefore different habitats, prevent interbreeding as seen in host specificity of parasites or pollinators? - ✔✔Habitat isolation In what isolating mechanism does differences in the timing of activities such as reproduction prevent interbreeding, particularly in species with distinct breeding seasons? - ✔✔Temporal isolation In what isolating mechanism does behavior, such as mating calls and displays, prevent interbreeding? - ✔✔Behavioral isolation In what isolating mechanism does a mismatch between reproductive parts or body shapes,
What method of speciation is thought to be the most common (primary)? - ✔✔Allopatric speciation What method of speciation can result from ecological isolation, polyploidy, and sexual selection? - ✔✔Sympatric speciation What specific form of speciation occurs when a small population becomes isolated by moving to a new location? - ✔✔Colonization What specific form speciation occurs when a population is divided by a geographic barrier such as mountain range or body of water? - ✔✔Vicariance What term is used for an organism with cells that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes? - ✔✔Polyploid Speciation generally results in the _____ of a lineage - ✔✔Bifurcation What term is used for the arising of many new species from one in a short time, generally because their are many available niches (e.g. new land to occupy on a volcanic island such as Hawaii)? - ✔✔Adaptive speciation How old is the Earth? - ✔✔4.6 billion years When (approximately) did Prokaryotes, the first life, appear on Earth? - ✔✔3.5 billion years ago (maybe sooner) How did Prokaryotes alter the early Earth? - ✔✔Oxygenated atmosphere via photosynthesis When (approximately) did single-celled Eukaryotes appear on Earth? - ✔✔1.8 billion years ago
When (approximately) did multi-celled Eukaryotes appear on Earth? - ✔✔1.2 billion years ago When (approximately) did animals appear on Earth? - ✔✔600 MYA What did multicellular organisms do for the first time around 500 million years ago? - ✔✔Colonize the land Who gave the world the two-part scientific name that we still use and a nested hierarchy classification system that resembles, but is not based on, evolutionary relationships? - ✔✔Carolus Linneaus What two taxonomic levels are included in an organisms scientific name? - ✔✔Genus Species Which of these shows a species name (ours) written in the correct, standardized manner? - ✔✔Homo sapiens (Genus, species) What term is used for a hierarchical unit or category to which a species belongs, where each unit higher in the hierarchy is broader than the last? - ✔✔Taxon What term is used for the evolutionary history of an organism and its relatives, expressed in the form of a branching diagram? - ✔✔Phylogeny What term is used for a branching diagram that depicts hypotheses about the evolutionary history of a species or group? - ✔✔Phylogenetic tree What is the discipline of science focused on classifying organisms and determining
What two criteria must a trait have in order to be useful in forming a phylogenetic tree? - ✔✔Shared ancestral characteristics Shared derived characteristics What kind of trait is the backbone when diagnosing (determining who is a member and who isn't) mammals? - ✔✔Shared ancestral characteristic What kind of trait is hair when diagnosing (determining who is a member and who isn't) mammals? - ✔✔Shared derived characteristic What general rule do systematists follow when making phylogenetic trees that suggests we should adopt the simplest explanation for observed phenomena? - ✔✔Parsimony Which pair of groups below are each other's closest relatives? Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya - ✔✔Eukarya and Archaea What domain of prokaryotic organisms have a peptidoglycan cell wall and are known for forming biofilms such as the one that forms on your teeth? - ✔✔Bacteria What domain of prokaryotic organisms don't have a peptidoglycan cell wall and were originally seen as extremophiles because they are found in environments such as hot springs? - ✔✔Archaea What domain is characterized by the presence of a nucleus? - ✔✔Eukarya What is the name of the protective structure formed by bacteria (e.g. those producing anthrax, botulism) that can allow them to withstand inhospitable conditions? - ✔✔Endospores
What do we call bacteria (e.g. bacterium that causes Syphilis) that cause disease? - ✔✔Pathogens What do some Achaeans produce as a waste product of anaerobic metabolism? - ✔✔Methane Which are the 4 Kingdoms of the Eukarya? - ✔✔Protista Plantae Fungi Anamalia Do the protists form a monophyletic group? - ✔✔No What do we call an organism that can make its own food from inorganic compounds? - ✔✔Autotrophs What do we call an organism that can't make its own food from inorganic compounds and therefore has to eat other organisms? - ✔✔Heterotroph What do we call an organism that can act as a producer or a consumer? - ✔✔Mixotroph The protists are very diverse group. What basic characteristic describes most (but not all) of them and makes them different from the rest of the Eukarya? - ✔✔Single celled Which of the following is a protist that is a large, multicellular aggregation? - ✔✔Giant kelp What term best describes the feeding strategy of plants given that they undergo photosynthesis? - ✔✔Autotroph What process do plants use to capture energy (from the sun)? - ✔✔Photosynthesis
What plant adaptation is a structure that carries sperm cells and can be dispersed by wind or animals? - ✔✔Pollen (male) What plant adaptation, produced by the female gametophyte, consists of the embryonic sporophyte; a food supply; and a protective coat, helping to increase the chance of the embryo surviving and germinating? - ✔✔Seed (female) What kind of plants, including conifers and ginkgos, possess seeds but not flowers? - ✔✔Gymnosperms What kind of conifer cones are smaller and produce pollen? - ✔✔Male conifers What kind of conifer cones are larger, scaly, and will eventually contain embryos? - ✔✔Female conifers What kind of plants, thought to have evolved during the time of the dinosaurs, possess seeds and flowers? - ✔✔Angiosperms The evolution of flowers led to pollination via ____. - ✔✔Animals What is the primary role of fruit? - ✔✔Seed dispersal What term best describes the feeding strategy of fungi? - ✔✔Heterotrophs What term is used for the mat of one-cell think filaments that make up the body of a fungus? - ✔✔Hyphae What term is used for the individual one-cell think filaments that make up the body of a fungus? - ✔✔Mycelium ..?
What part of a fungus do we normally see above ground? - ✔✔Reproductive structures How do fungi reproduce? - ✔✔asexually via mitosis OR sexually via meiosis What kind of fungus is implicated in the decline of frogs? - ✔✔Chytrid What term best describes the feeding strategy of animals? - ✔✔Heterotrophs What do animal cells lack that cells of many other groups have? - ✔✔Cell wall How do most animals reproduce? - ✔✔Sexually What phylum of animals (includes anemones and jellies) lack symmetry (can't be divided like a pie or into a left and right), are generally filter feeders, and don't have true tissues? - ✔✔Sponges What kind of symmetry allows an organisms to be divided like a pie into slices through a central axis to produce equal halves and allows an organism to have a top and bottom but no left, right, head, or tail? - ✔✔Radial symmetry What kind of symmetry allows an organism to be divided into a left and right and usually allows an organism to have a head and tail end? - ✔✔Bilateral symmetry What phylum of animals is radially symmetrical, has only 2 tissue layers, and is named for it's stinging cells that are used in feeding and defense? - ✔✔Cnidarians (silent 'C') What body form of cnidarians is generally stationary and looks like a cylinder with
nearly all aquatic (live in water)? - ✔✔Crustations What group of arthropods (e.g. beetles) included 75% of all known animal species, have 6 legs, and are the only group of invertebrates with flying members? - ✔✔Insects What phylum of animals (includes sea stars and urchins) are marine herbivores, predators, or filter feeders; are radially symmetrical as adults but bilaterally symmetrical as larvae; and have a water-vascular system for movement and food capture using what are called tube feet? - ✔✔Echinodermata Why are the echinoderms considered the closest living relatives of the chordates? - ✔✔They are both deuterostomes meaning the embryo's first opening becomes the anus What phylum of animals are characterized by a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post anal tail? - ✔✔Chordata (our phylum) What group of chordates are sand-living filter feeders with a blade-like body and show all the phylum characteristics in the adult? - ✔✔Lancelets What group of chordates are stationary filter feeders as adults with mobile larvae that show all the phylum characteristics? - ✔✔Tunicates What group of chordates have a skull and backbone? - ✔✔Vertebrates What group of jawed vertebrates (e.g. sharks) have a cartilaginous skeleton and a leathery skin with "skin-teeth"? - ✔✔Chondichthyans What group of jawed vertebrates (e.g. tuna) have fins that are a web of skin supported by bony
spines and a swim bladder for buoyancy? - ✔✔Ray-finned fishes (actinopeterygii) What group of jawed vertebrates (e.g. lungfish) have rod-shaped bones surrounded by muscle in their fins? - ✔✔Lobe-finned fishes (sarcoptergii) What members of the lobe-finned fishes are sometimes referred to as living fossils because they were thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago before being discovered off Africa and later Indonesia? - ✔✔Coelacanths What members of the lobe-finned fishes includes 6 species that live in stagnant freshwater habitats and have both gills and lungs? - ✔✔Lungfishes What members of the lobe-finned fishes have 4 limbs that can support their weight on land instead of fins? - ✔✔Tetrapods What group of tetrapods require water for breeding and development of their eggs/larvae but have adults that can leave the water at least temporarily? - ✔✔Amphibians What group of tetrapods are adapted to land via an egg that contains nutrients and a fluid-filled cavity around the embryo? - ✔✔Amniotes What group of amniotes have dry, aglandular skin with scales or feathers (e.g. lizards, turtles, crocodiles, birds)? - ✔✔Reptiles What group of amniotes produce milk to nourish their young (e.g. humans, platypus)? - ✔✔Mammalia What group of mammals lay eggs and lack nipples, therefore secreting milk onto tufts of hair to nurse their young? - ✔✔Monotremes
