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"Evolution Study Guide: Terms, Selection, Speciation, Macroevolution, Animal Structure" - , Study notes of Biology

This study guide provides a list of questions to help university students focus on the most important topics covered in classes related to evolution and natural selection. It includes terminology, evolution, natural selection, speciation, macroevolution, and animal structure and function. Students are encouraged to use the textbook in conjunction with their notes for effective learning.

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Uploaded on 08/30/2009

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Study Guide 3. Evolution and Natural Selection.
Animal Structure and Function.
This list is not exhaustive. This guide is simply a collection of questions that should help you focus your studying
on the most important topics covered in class. If something is not mentioned here but was covered in lecture, it
might still be on the exam! You HAVE to use the textbook in conjunction with your notes if you want to do well
on the test.
A. Terminology.
You have to be able to define the following terms/concepts:
1. What is evolution?
2. What is natural selection?
3. What is microevolution?
4. What is macroevolution?
5. What is a species (for sexually reproducing organisms)?
6. What is sympatric speciation?
7. What is allopatric speciation?
8. What is a reproductive barrier?
9. What is genetic drift?
10. What is gene flow?
11. What is biodiversity?
12. What is extinction?
13. What is the biodiversity crisis we are currently facing?
14. What is a tissue?
15. What is homeostatis?
B. Evolution
1. Use the ”rats and warfarin” case study as your starting point!
2. What is the difference between evolution and natural selection.
3. The concept of evolution–what is descent with modification?
4. Evidence for evolution:
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Study Guide 3. Evolution and Natural Selection.

Animal Structure and Function.

This list is not exhaustive. This guide is simply a collection of questions that should help you focus your studying on the most important topics covered in class. If something is not mentioned here but was covered in lecture, it might still be on the exam! You HAVE to use the textbook in conjunction with your notes if you want to do well on the test.

A. Terminology.

You have to be able to define the following terms/concepts:

  1. What is evolution?
  2. What is natural selection?
  3. What is microevolution?
  4. What is macroevolution?
  5. What is a species (for sexually reproducing organisms)?
  6. What is sympatric speciation?
  7. What is allopatric speciation?
  8. What is a reproductive barrier?
  9. What is genetic drift?
  10. What is gene flow?
  11. What is biodiversity?
  12. What is extinction?
  13. What is the biodiversity crisis we are currently facing?
  14. What is a tissue?
  15. What is homeostatis?

B. Evolution

  1. Use the ”rats and warfarin” case study as your starting point!
  2. What is the difference between evolution and natural selection.
  3. The concept of evolution–what is descent with modification?
  4. Evidence for evolution:
  • What is a fossil?
  • What are transitional fossils?
  • What is an example of a transitional fossil?
  • What are homologous organs? What are some examples of homologous organs?
  • Evidence for evolution from molecular biology.

C. Natural selection

  1. Study slides entitled ”Natural selection in more detail” in your notes.
    • What are the three requirements for natural selection to work?
    • Do we observe the above phenomena in nature?
    • What is natural selection?
  2. What are some examples of natural selection:
    • rats and warfarin.
    • mute crickets on Kauai.
  3. Relating natural selection to genetics? What does natural selection ”work” on? Does the frequency of alleles in natural populations change? What is microevolution?
  4. What is genetic drift? What is genetic bottleneck? What is the founder effect? What are some examples of them?
  5. What is gene flow?
  6. What is the importance of mutations for natural selection and evolution?
  7. Why is natural selection ”context dependent?”

D. Speciation and macroevolution

  1. What is a species?
  2. What is speciation? What is the result of speciation?
  3. What is reproductive isolation? What are reproductive barriers?
  4. What is an example of a reproductive barrier?
  5. What are the two mechanisms of speciation?
  6. What is a phylogenetic tree?
  7. How to read a phylogenetic tree?

F. The structure and function of animals

  1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
  2. What is a tissue? Study the three main points of the definition.
  3. What are the main types of tissues (with subtypes).
  4. Tissues: structure and function. For each tissue type (including the subtypes), you should know:
    • What are the cells like?
    • Are the cells densely packed or loosely packed?
    • Are the cells in a matrix? If so, what type of matrix?
    • Are there any special features of the tissue (for example cartilage does not have blood vessels, cardiac muscle has interconnected cells, etc.)?
    • What function does the tissue perform?
  5. How do tissues come together to make up organs?
  6. What are the main organ systems of the human body and what are their functions?
  7. Why do animals exchange E and matter with the environment?
  8. Why is surface area important?
  9. What is homeostasis?
  10. What is a negative feedback?
  11. How does thermoregulation work?
  12. How does the human body work?
  • Circulation and respiration: - The two circulation circuits. Heart structure and function. Exchange of CO 2 and O 2 in the lung. How does the brain control breathing? Heart disease.
  • Immune system: What are non-specific and specific defense? How do white blood cells fight off infections?