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Everything you need to know for chem 1100, Exams of Chemistry

Everything you need to know for chem 1100

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/02/2025

koey-1
koey-1 🇺🇸

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Key Topics to Review
1. Fundamentals of Chemistry
Matter and Measurement:
oStates of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
oPhysical vs. chemical properties.
oUnits of measurement (SI units, metric conversions).
oSignificant figures and scientific notation.
Atomic Structure:
oSubatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons).
oAtomic number, mass number, isotopes.
oPeriodic table organization (groups, periods, trends).
2. Stoichiometry
Chemical Equations:
oBalancing chemical equations.
oTypes of reactions (combustion, synthesis, decomposition, single-
replacement, double-replacement).
Mole Concept:
oMolar mass and conversions between moles, grams, and particles
(Avogadro’s number).
Stoichiometric Calculations:
oLimiting and excess reactants.
oPercent yield and theoretical yield.
3. Chemical Bonding
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Key Topics to Review

1. Fundamentals of ChemistryMatter and Measurement: o States of matter (solid, liquid, gas). o Physical vs. chemical properties. o Units of measurement (SI units, metric conversions). o Significant figures and scientific notation.  Atomic Structure: o Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons). o Atomic number, mass number, isotopes. o Periodic table organization (groups, periods, trends). 2. StoichiometryChemical Equations: o Balancing chemical equations. o Types of reactions (combustion, synthesis, decomposition, single- replacement, double-replacement).  Mole Concept: o Molar mass and conversions between moles, grams, and particles (Avogadro’s number).  Stoichiometric Calculations: o Limiting and excess reactants. o Percent yield and theoretical yield. 3. Chemical Bonding

Types of Bonds: o Ionic vs. covalent bonding. o Polar vs. nonpolar bonds.  Lewis Structures: o Drawing structures for molecules. o Octet rule exceptions.  Molecular Geometry: o VSEPR theory (shapes: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, etc.).  Intermolecular Forces: o Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces.

4. ThermochemistryEnergy and Heat: o Endothermic vs. exothermic reactions. o Heat capacity, specific heat, calorimetry.  Enthalpy: o Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf0\Delta H_f^0ΔHf0). o Hess’s Law and enthalpy calculations. 5. GasesGas Laws: o Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRTPV = nRTPV=nRT. o Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Avogadro’s laws.  Kinetic Molecular Theory:

Equilibrium Constant (KKK): o Expression for KcK_cKc and KpK_pKp. o Relationship between QQQ and KKK (reaction quotient).  Le Châtelier’s Principle: o How systems at equilibrium respond to changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature.

9. ThermodynamicsLaws of Thermodynamics: o First law (energy conservation). o Second law (entropy increases in spontaneous processes).  Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG\Delta GΔG): o ΔG=ΔH −TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta SΔG=ΔH −TΔS. o Relationship to spontaneity (ΔG<0\Delta G < 0ΔG<0). 10. KineticsReaction Rates: o Rate laws (Rate=k[A]m[B]n\text{Rate} = k[A]^m[B]^nRate=k[A]m[B]n). o Determining rate constants and reaction orders.  Mechanisms: o Elementary steps and rate-determining step.  Catalysts: o Role in lowering activation energy.

11. Lab SkillsMeasurements and Techniques: o Proper use of balances, pipettes, and burettes. o Reading lab instruments accurately.  Error Analysis: o Percent error, precision, and accuracy.  Safety Rules: o Handling chemicals and glassware properly. Study Tips 1. Understand Concepts, Not Just Formulas: o Focus on why reactions happen, not just how to calculate results. 2. Practice Problems: o Work through sample problems, especially in stoichiometry, gas laws, and equilibrium. 3. Use Flashcards: o Memorize key formulas, periodic table trends, and definitions. 4. Review Class Notes and Past Exams: o Identify common question types and focus on weak areas. 5. Utilize Online Resources: o Watch tutorials for topics like titrations or VSEPR theory. 6. Group Study: o Explaining concepts to peers can reinforce your understanding.