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Esthetician State Board Exam โ
Massachusetts Questions and Answers
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) -was created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor to regulate and enforce safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) -requires chemical manufacturers and importers to assess and communicate the potential hazards associated with their products -the MSDS is a result of this regulation what does OSHA regulate? -OSHA standards address issues relating to the handling, mixing, storing, and disposing of products; general safety in the workplace; and your right to know about any potentially hazardous ingredients contained in the products you use + how to avoid these hazards Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) -contains information compiled by the manufacturer about product safety including the names of hazardous ingredients, safe handling and usage procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure, and flammability warning Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -federal agency that registers all types of disinfectants sold and used in the United States
disinfectants -chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses, (but not spores) on surfaces Hospital disinfectants -products that are effective for cleaning blood and body fluids; they can be used on nonporous surfaces in the salon Tuberculocidal disinfectants -products that are proven to kill the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis, a disease caused by bacteria that are transmitted through coughing or sneezing nonporous -an item that is made or constructed of a material that has no pores or openings and cannot absorb liquids. disease -an abnormal condition of all or part of the body, or its systems or organs, that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function. Myobacterium fortuitum -a microscopic germ that normally exists in tap water in small numbers Laws vs. Rules -laws are written by both federal and state legislatures that determine the scope of practice and that establish guidelines for regulatory agencies to make rules -rules and regulations are more specific than laws; they are written by the regulatory agency/state
-the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens bactericidal -capable of destroying bacteria virucidal -capable of destroying viruses fungicidal -capable of destroying fungi bacteria -one-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characterisitics microorganism -any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size nonpathogenic -harmless microorganisms that may perform useful functions and are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm -help the body break down food, protect against infection, and stimulate the immune system pathogenic -harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body what are the 3 main types of pathogenic bacteria?
-Cocci -Bacilli -Spirilla cocci -round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups staphylococci -are pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like bunches of grapes -may cause abscesses, pustules, and boils but some may not cause infection in healthy humans streptococci -are pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a string of beads -they cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning diplococci -are spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia bacili -short rod-shaped bacteria; the most common type of bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diptheria spirilla -are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria -they are divided into subgroups, such as treponema palladium, which causes syphilis (STD), and borrelia burgdorferi, which causes lyme disease
-a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to the antibacterial action of the antibiotic methicillin, a form of penicillin virus -a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in cells of a biological organism -capable of replication only by taking over the host's cells reproductive functions bloodborne pathogens -disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV Hepatitis -a bloodborne virus that causes disease and can damage the liver human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -the virus that causes AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) -a disease that breaks down the body's immune system -it is spread from person to person through blood and, less often, through body fluids such as semen and vaginal secretions fungi -microscopic plant parasites that include molds, mildews, and yeasts -they can produce contagious disease such as ringworm dermatophytes
-a type of fungus that causes skin, hair, and nail infections folliculitis -an inflammation of the hair follicles caused by a bacterial infection from ingrown hairs due to shaving or other epilation methods tinea versicolor -a type of fungal infection (sun spots) which are characterized by white or varicolored patches on the skin and are often found on arms and legs
parasites -organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (referred to as the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of the organism immunity -the ability of the body to destroy and resist infection; can be either natural or acquired natural immunity -immunity that is partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living acquired immunity
-the process of properly handling sterilized and disinfected equipment and supplies to reduce contamination chelating soaps (chelating detergents) -soaps that work to break down stubborn films and remove the residue of products such as scrubs, salts & masks antiseptics -antimicrobial substances that are safe to be used on the skin to reduce the chance of infection -some examples include alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and iodine universal precautions -everyone is considered a potential threat for transmission of bloodborne pathogens; workers are expected to evaluate the risk and use precautions to protect themselves and the client standard precautions -workers must assume that all blood and body fluids are potential sources of infection, regardless of the perceived risks -expected to use precautions wether fluid is visible or not bioburden -the number of viable organisms in or on an object or surface or the organic material on a surface or object before decontamination or sterilization body substance isolation (BSI)
-a system of precautions developed by a Seattle hospital in 1987 to prevent contact with bodily substances and fluids by using protective apparel to prevent the spread of communicable disease personal protective equipment (PPE) -protective clothing and devices designed to protect an individual from contact with bloodborne pathogens -examples include: gloves, goggles, an apron, face masks, etc binary fission -a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size acid mantle -the protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water; protect the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors -has an average pH of 5. barrier function -the protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration transepidermal water loss (TEWL) -the water loss caused by evaporation of the skin's surface intercellular matrix -lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation
-stratum cornerum (uppermost layer) -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosum -statrum spinosum -stratum germinativum (bottom layer/ basal layer) keratinocytes -composed of keratin, comprise 95% of the epidermis -these cells contain both proteins and lipids keratin -a fibrous protein that provides resiliency and protection to the skin; is found in all layers of the epidermis stratum corneum (horny layer) -the top, outermost layer of the epidermis -the esthetician is primarily concerned with this layer corneocytes -another name for a stratum corneum cell -hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these "dead" protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei stratum lucidum -a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells underneath the stratum corneum -this layer is thickets on the palms of hands + soles of feet
stratum granulosum (granual layer) -composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin -the production of keratin and and intercellular lipids also takes place here stratum spinosum (spiny layer) -cells continue to divide and change shape here and enzymes are creating lipids and proteins desmosomes -keratin filaments; the structures that assist in holding cells together -intercellular connections made of proteins langerhans immune cells -protect the body from infection by identifying foreign material (antigens) -the immune cells help destroy these foreign invaders stratum germintivum (basal layer) -located above the dermis, composed of a single layer of basal cells laying a "basement membrane" -in this layer cells are continuously undergoing mitosis to replenish the regular loss of skin cells shed from the surface melanocytes -cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer melanosomes -pigment carrying granules that produces melanin, a complex protein
-papillary layer -reticular layer papillary layer (dermis) -connects the dermis to the epidermis, forming the epidermal/dermal junction reticular layer (dermis) -the denser and deepest layer of the dermis, is comprised mainly of collagen and elastin subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) -composed of loose connective tissue (adipose tissue) -this layer is 80% fat, creating a protective cushion that gives contour and smoothness to the body, as well as providing a source of energy what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands? -apocrine gland -eccrine gland apocrine gland (sweat gland) -coiled structures attached to the hair follicles found under the arms and genital area -their secretions are released through oil glands; are more active during emotional changes eccrine gland (sweat gland) -sweat glands found all over the body, primarily on the forehead, palms, and soles -they have a duct and pore through which secretions are released on the skin's surface; these glands are not connected to the hair follicle
ceramides -a group of waxy lipid molecules important to the barrier function and water-holding capacity such as glycolipids -they consume about 50% of the lipids in the stratum corneum UVA radiation -also known as aging rays -contributes up to 95% of the sun's ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface -weakens the skin's collagen and elastin fibers causing wrinkling and sagging in the tissues UVB radiation -also known as burning rays -causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, aging, and cancer -wavelengths are stronger and more damaging to the skin and can damage the eyes as well glycation -the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures known as advanced glycation end products telangiectasia -capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels -commonly called couperose skin
macule -a flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle or red spot, left after a pimple has healed -they are neither raised nor sunken nodule -these are often referred to as tumors but they are small bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infection
papule -a small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop into a pustule -they are less than half an inch (1.25 centimeters) in diameter and may have a varied appearance in color and are either rounded, smooth, or rough pustule -an inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus, a fluid consisting of white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris -a small pus-containing blister that may or may not be caused by infection tubercle -an abnormally rounded, solid lump; larger than a papule
vesicle -a small blister or sac containing clear fluid -these can be produced by poison ivy an poison oak
wheal -an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings -example: hives and mosquito bites primary lesions -lesions in the early stage of development or change -they are characterized by flat, nonpalpable changes in skin color or by elevations formed by fluid in a cavity secondary lesions -lesions of the skin that develop in the later stages of disease and change the structures of tissues and organs crust -dead cells formed over a wound or blemish while it is healing, resulting in an accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material -example: scab on a sore
