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ESSENTIALS TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the functions of the kidneys? Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? negative feedback loop
Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
What are the causes of hypothyroidism? Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
- after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
- head or neck radiation for cancer
- iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune.
after age 5 People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly What is polyuria? frequent urination Female Mutilation risks for uti, trouble urinating What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? estrogen Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine. What increases the risk for bladder cancer? smoking
What is the kidney filtration path? Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule What causes increase in glumerial filtration? increase capillary hydrostatic pressure What is cystitis? inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching, What is a hydrocele? Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis What are the symptoms of prositis? pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention What is renal colic? kidney stone related pain What is the bacteria associated with syphilis? anaerobic spirochetes What are complications of syphilis?
low T3, T4 and TSH What is gigantism? hypersecretion of GH in children What is diabetes insipidus? a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss What is SIADH? syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion What is the tumor of the adrenal gland? Pheochromocytoma Acromegaly/Gigantism coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size Graves disease unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes Myexdema coma is associated with hyperthyroidism false
Patient with dysmenorrhea assess pain in pelvic area and upper thighs What is the sign of acute prostatitis? tender prostate CVA is pain is another description for flank pain? True A client has flank pain of 6 on a scale from 0-10. This flank pain is likely because of what reason? possible pyelonephritis, with inflammation and stretching of renal caps Which is indicative of secondary hypothyroidism? Low TSH and LOW T3/T What is indicative of primary hypothyroidism? High TSH and Low T3/T What are the two stress hormones that increase glucose production in the liver? Corticosteroids
secreting acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions Metabolic acidosis develops with bilateral kidney disease for what reason? tubule exchanges are impaired The client has gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. What would the nurse anticipate in the assessment of the client? severe upper right quadrant pain The glomerular filtration will increase by which of the following? increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries Cardinal signs of pheochromocytoma? hypertension The nurse expects which of the following in an assessment of a client with ketoacidosis? deep fast respirations and lethargy The nurse is aware that cushings syndrome is caused by which of the following? hypercortisolism What causes Hirschsprung Disease?
inadequate innervation of the colon What would the nurse expect to assess in a client with Addisons disease? severe fatigue, muscle joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkening areas of the skin Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus? severe renal colic What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis? fecal transplant, colectomy, antibiotics What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma?
What causes greenish- yellow emesis? Bile What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers? proximal duodenum What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? Hep B and C What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis? inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis? lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis? GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort What is the cause of hiatal hernia? Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing
What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis? inflamed peritoneum What is cryptorchidism? undescended testes What are complications of cryptorchidism? infertility and cancer What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis? dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful prostate What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis? hemodialysis, low BP What would you monitor while removing fluid during dialysis? BP What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration
Why does metabolic acidosis occur? excessive production of fixed acids;
- DKA
- lactic acidosis
- low flow states
- loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or
- inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure What is the serum marker ordered when screening fro prostate cancer? PSA- Prostate specific antigen What are complications of hydronephrosis? ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling pressure What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate? increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? E. coli; ascending UTI What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure? too much Nsaids, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension
