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Physiology Questions and answers
Steroids CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body. Prostaglandins CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A hormone, called the "pain causing hormone", derived from fatty acid molecules, that come from plasma membranes of virtually all body cells. They have many targets, but act locally at the site of release. Examples of Effects of Prostaglandins CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Increase blood pressure by acting as vasoconstrictors. ~Cause constriction of respiratory passageways. ~Stimulate muscle of the uterus, promoting menstrual pain and labor. ~Enhance blood clotting. ~Promote inflammation and pain. ~Increase output of digestive secretions by stomach. Target Cells CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Cells with specific receptors in their membranes to accept specific hormones. Target Organs CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The organs that hormones act on to either increase or decrease the organ's activity level.
Physiology Questions and answers
Negative Feedback Mechanisms CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones. In such systems, some internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion; then rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release (even while promoting responses in their target organs). As a result, blood levels of many hormones vary only within a very narrow range. What are the two functional lobes of the Pituitary Gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Anterior (glandular tissue) ~Posterior (nervous tissue) What is the function of the Pituitary Gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ As part of the endocrine system it produces hormones which control other glands as well as various bodily functions. What is the function of the Anterior Pituitary Gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Often call the Master Endocrine Gland, it is mainly involved in development of the body, sexual maturation and reproduction. Hormones produced, regulate growth and stimulate the adrenal and thyroid glands as well as the ovaries and testes. It also generates prolactin, which enables new mothers to produce milk. What is the function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It produces antidiuretic hormone, which reclaims water from the kidneys and conserves it in the bloodstream to prevent dehydration. Oxytocin is also
Physiology Questions and answers
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The hormone that regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. Gonadotropic Hormones CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Hormones that regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes). What are the three gonadotropic hormones? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ~Luteinizing Hormone (LH) What does FSH do? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~In women: it stimulates follicle development in the ovaries. As the follicles mature, they procude estrogen, and eggs are readied for ovulation. ~In men: it stimulates sperm development by the testes. What does LH do? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~In women: it triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen. ~In men: it stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells of the testes.
Physiology Questions and answers
What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ None. It is merely a storage and releasing area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons. What are the hypothalamic hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Oxytocin ~Antidiuretic Oxytocin CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland for release during childbirth. It stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, during sexual relations, and during breastfeeding. It also cause milk ejection (the let down reflex) in a nursing woman. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Hormone stored by the posterior pituitary gland for release to prevent urine production. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the forming urine; as a result, urine volume decreases and blood volume increases. In large amounts it can increase blood pressure. What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Releasing and inhibiting hormones made by the hypothalamus regulate release of hormones made by the anterior pituitary. The
Physiology Questions and answers
Norepinephrine CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It is the hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for vigilant concentration. One of the most important functions of it is its role as the neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic neurons to affect the heart. An increase in it from the sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of contractions in the heart. As a stress hormone, it affects parts of the brain, such as the amygdala, where attention and responses are controlled. It also underlies the fight-or-flight response, along with epinephrine, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle. It increases the brain's oxygen supply. Also called noradrenaline. Pancreatic Islets CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The endocrine glands of the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon. What is the function of insulin? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It acts on just about all body cells and increases their ability to transport glucose across their plasma membranes. It speeds up the activities of glucose, which is oxidize for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage. It sweeps the glucose out of the blood. As blood glucose levels fall, the stimulus for its release ends. It is necessary for the use of glucose by body cells. Without it no glucose can get into the cells to be used.
Physiology Questions and answers
What is the function of glucagon? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Released when blood levels of glucose are low, it stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels. What is the role of the pineal gland? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It releases melatonin, which affects sleep as well as biological rhythms and reproductive behavior in animals. What is the function of melatonin? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It is believed to be a "sleep trigger" tat plays an important role in establishing the body's day-night cycle. In some animals, it also helps regulate mating behavior and rhythms. In humans, it is believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility and to inhibit the reproductive system (especially the ovaries of females) until adult body size has been reached. The major endocrine organs of the body....? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Tend to lie near the midline of the body. What is generally true of hormones? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ They travel throughout the body in the blood.
Physiology Questions and answers
What are the physical characteristics of blood? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste. Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dull red (oxygen-poor). It is heavier than water and about five times thicker, or more vicous, largely because of its formed elements. It is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Its temperature is always slightly higher than body temperature. It accounts for approximately 8% of body weight and its volume in a healthy man is 5 to 6 liters, or about 6 quarts. What type of tissue is blood? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Fluid Tissue Blood Plasma CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A straw-colored fluid that is made of approximately 90% water, it is the liquid part of the blood. Over 100 different substances are dissolved in it. What are some examples of the substances dissolved in blood plasma? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Nutrients ~Salts (electrolytes) ~Respiratory Gases ~Hormones ~Plasma Proteins ~Various Waste ~Products of Cell Metabolism Erythrocytes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Red Blood Cells (RBC) - disc-shaped, anucleate cells that transport oxygen bound to their hemoglobin molecules. Their life span is 100 to 120 days.
Physiology Questions and answers
Blood Platelets CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Cell fragments that act in blood clotting. Hemoglobin (Hb) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ An iron-bearing protein, that transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood. It also binds with a small amount of carbon dioxide. Hemostasis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Stoppage of blood loss from an injured blood vessel. What is the sequence of hemostasis? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ It involves three steps: vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and blood clot formation. What are the types of Leukocytes or White Blood Cells? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) ~Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) Neutrophils CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The most numerous of the WBCs. They have multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains. The cytoplasm as a whole stains pink. They are avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection. They are particularly partial to bacteria and fungi, which they kill
Physiology Questions and answers
Monocytes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The largest of the WBCs. They have abundant cytoplasm and distictive U- or kidney-shaped nucleus. When they migrate into the tissues, they change into macrophages. Agglutination CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The binding of antibodies that cause foreign RBCs into a clump. Which structure/organ removes worn out RBCs? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The spleen. What would lead to increased erythropoiesis? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Chronic bleeding ulcer ~Reduction in respiratory ventilation ~Reduced blood flow to the kidneys Sickling of RBCs can be induced in a person with sickle cell anemia by, what? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Blood loss ~Vigorous exercise ~Stress ~Fever A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. What does this mean? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Both parents carried the sickle cell gene.
Physiology Questions and answers
Polycythemia vera will result in, what? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Abnormally high blood viscosity. What are some examples of what is typical of leukocytes? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Amoeboid movement ~Phagocytic (some) ~Nucleated The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is, what? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Basophil What formed elements are phagocytic? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Neutrophils ~Monocytes A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is, what? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Petechiae What can cause problems in a transfusion reaction? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps of RBCs. ~Lysis of donated RBCs. ~Blockage of kidney tubules.
Physiology Questions and answers
What are the layers of the heart? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Pericardium ~Myocardium Pericardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The double-walled sac enclosing the heart. Fibrous Pericardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The loosely fitting superficial part of the pericardium. It helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and sternum. Serous Pericardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Lies deep to the fibrous pericardium, it is has two slippery layers. Parietal Layer of the Serous Pericardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium. At the superior aspect of the heart, it attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart and then makes a U-turn and continues inferiorly as the visceral layer. Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Also called the Epicardium, it the outer part of the heart wall.
Physiology Questions and answers
Myocardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle and whorled into ringlike arrangements. It is the layer that actually contracts. Skeleton of the Heart CORRECT ANSWERS✅ The dense, fibrous connective tissue network that reinforces the myocardium. Endocardium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers. It is continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving and entering the heart. What is the order of the valves through, which blood flows? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Right Atrioventricular (Tricuspid) ~Pulmonary Semilunar ~Left Atrioventricular (Bicuspid) ~Aortic Semilunar In regard to blood flow, what is the role of the arteries? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Propels blood away from the heart. In regard to blood flow, what is the role of veins? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Propels blood toward the heart. Where would you find the Carotid arteries? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ In the Neck.
Physiology Questions and answers
pump blood throughout the body. It is located in the right atrium of the heart. It is made up of a group of cells (myocytes) positioned on the wall of the right atrium, at the center of the heart and near the entrance of the superior vena cava. These cells contract at a rate of about 70-80 times per minute, which make up the natural heart beat. Atrioventricular (AV) Node CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A group of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located at the center of the heart, in the floor of the right atrium, between the atria and ventricles. It takes the signal from the SA Node, slows the signal down and regulates it, and then sends the electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles (bundle of His). It regulates the signals to the ventricles to prevent rapid conduction (atrial fibrillation), as well as making sure that the atria are empty and closed before stimulating the ventricles. Atrioventribular (AV) Bundle (bundle of His) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A group of specialized muscle fibers in the interventricular septum of the heart, it conveys electrical impulses from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers to stimulate ventricular contraction. Left and Right Bundle Branches located in the interventricular septum CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Carry the electrical signals down the right and left sides of the interventricular septum, they connect the bundle of His to the Purkinje Fibers.
Physiology Questions and answers
Purkinje Fibers CORRECT ANSWERS✅ They are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium in a space called the subendocardium. These fibers consist of specialized cardiomyocytes that are able to conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any other cells in the heart. They allow the heart's conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles, and are, therefore, essential for maintaining a consistent heart rhythm. What are the extrinsic factors that regulate heart rate? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Neural (ANS) Controls ~Hormones and Ions ~Physical Factors Neural (ANS) Controls CORRECT ANSWERS✅ During times of physical or emotional stress, the nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system more strongly stimulate the SA and AV nodes and the cardiac muscle itself. As a result, the heart beats more rapidly and more oxygen and glucose are made available. When stress declines, the parasympathetic nerves, primarily the vagus nerves, slow and steady the heart. Hormones and Ions CORRECT ANSWERS✅ ~Epinephrine: Increases heart rate; mimics the effect of the sympathetic nerves and is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.
