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ESRM 304 Final 2025: Questions and Verified Solutions, Exams of Environmental Science

Computer Systems Institute (CSI)Environmental Science

A comprehensive set of questions and verified solutions for esrm 304 final exam. It covers various topics related to scientific methodology, experimental design, data analysis, and ecological concepts. Particularly useful for students preparing for the esrm 304 final exam, offering insights into key concepts and potential exam questions.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/03/2025

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ESRM 304 FINAL 2025 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|
ABSOLUTE SUCCESS GUARANTEED.
1. What is science? - correct answer - Accumulating knowledge, identifying
an interesting pattern in knowledge, justifying/rejecting theories and
explanations
2. Why is the scientific approach needed? - correct answer - To work
across disciplines; statistical methods is the language of research/
common in all fields
3. Nature of experiments - correct answer - Hypothesis, experimental
design, experimental execution, statistical analysis, interpretation / re-
hypothesis
4. manipulative experiments - correct answer - Randomization,
representation, replication, have the potential to reveal causation
5. Natural experiments - correct answer - Large scale, no randomization,
no replication, capable of revealing associations only
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Download ESRM 304 Final 2025: Questions and Verified Solutions and more Exams Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!

ESRM 304 FINAL 202 5 QUESTIONS

AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|

ABSOLUTE SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

  1. What is science? - correct answer - Accumulating knowledge, identifying an interesting pattern in knowledge, justifying/rejecting theories and explanations
  2. Why is the scientific approach needed? - correct answer - To work across disciplines; statistical methods is the language of research/ common in all fields
  3. Nature of experiments - correct answer - Hypothesis, experimental design, experimental execution, statistical analysis, interpretation / re- hypothesis
  4. manipulative experiments - correct answer - Randomization, representation, replication, have the potential to reveal causation
  5. Natural experiments - correct answer - Large scale, no randomization, no replication, capable of revealing associations only
  1. The Three R's of experiments - correct answer - Randomization, representation, replication
  2. IKONOS imagery - correct answer - Satellite used to collect high resolution imagery, can be more accurate than field collected estimates
  3. leaf area index - correct answer - ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows. Correlated to NPP, rainfall interception, carbon sequestration, process-based ecological models
  4. Three basic navigation measurements - correct answer - Direction, distance, elevation
  5. Azimuths vs bearings - correct answer - Degrees from 0-360 vs N 50 W thing
  6. Magnetic declination - correct answer - Magnetic north does not coincide with geographic north. Declination is the angle between the local magnetic field and true north
  7. One chain - correct answer - 66 feet
  1. M and w contours - correct answer - Found upstream from stream junctions
  2. Circles with hatches contour - correct answer - Indicate depressions, pits, and sink holes
  3. Watershed contours - correct answer - Connect the bottom of the u shaped contours that indicate ridges
  4. Calculate runoff - correct answer - Q = ACi
  5. Q = runoff in cubic feet
  6. A = the sub watershed area in square feet (usually decided by 43560 to get acres)
  7. C = the runoff coefficient (ratio of runoff to total rainfall)
  8. i = rainfall intensity (reported in in/hr, converted to feet)
  9. Example of size of an excavated depression to hold runoff calculated:
    • correct answer - calculate area of each cross section, multiply the distance in feet between cross sections times the average end area of any two adjacent cross sections = volume in cubic feet
  10. Why Sample instead of knowing all data - correct answer - Partial knowledge is a normal state, complete enumeration is impossible,

complete enumeration is too expensive, results are needed in a timely manner

  1. Population - correct answer - An aggregate of unit values
  2. Parameter - correct answer - A constant used to characterize a particular population
  3. Estimate - correct answer - A value calculated from a sample in a way that makes it a good approximation to a parameter
  4. Statistic - correct answer - A value calculated from a sample
  5. continuous variable - correct answer - variable for which, in theory, there are an infinite number of values between any two values
  6. discrete variable - correct answer - variable that has specific values and that cannot have values between these specific values such as attributes or counts
  1. Coefficient of variation - correct answer - Put variability on a scale where we can compare dispersion of data measured in different units or parameters
    • SD over average
  2. Covarience - correct answer - Tells us if two variables are associated with each other. Positive= variables are associated
  3. Negative = indirect association
  4. Zero or near = not associated
  5. Correlation - correct answer - Measures degree of association between variable quantities. Between - 1 and 1. Closer it is to - + 1, stronger the association
  6. Normal distribution - correct answer - Used for large samples.
  7. A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. The mean located the center of the distribution
  8. The SD is the distance between the mean and the inflection point of the distribution
  9. Normal distribution importance - correct answer - Many populations in nature are distributed this way (central limit theorem)
  10. Used to calculate the chances of a value occurring
  11. Describes experimental error
  1. t distribution - correct answer - Used when population variance is unknown and especially when we have small samples
  2. confidence interval - correct answer - Tells us the probability of being within a certain range of the population mean
  3. Ecology - correct answer - The interaction of the biotic (living) environment and the abiotic (non living) environment
  4. The hydraulic cycle - correct answer - Precipitation
  5. Interception
  6. Infiltration
  7. Evaporation
  8. Transpiration
  9. Runoff
  10. Ground water
  11. Stream flow calculation - correct answer - Q = (P-E) + (changeS + changeT)
  12. Q = stream flow
  13. P= precipitation
  14. E = evapotranspiration
  15. ChangeS = net change in storage
  16. ChnageT = net underground transfer
  1. Process of interest: light and heat inputs - correct answer - Assess current and historical shade/canopy conditions
  2. Assess current and historic turbidity levels
  3. What to measure in streams/watersheds - correct answer - Land cover/land use
    • vegetation, impervious area
  4. Physiology
    • soils, geology, topography
  5. Climate
    • precipitation, temp, wind, humidity, streamflow
  6. Velocity area to calculate how much water is in stream - correct answer - Measure cross sectional area and depth of stream and multiply it by velocity of water = discharge (volume/time)
  7. Float method - correct answer - Find velocity by floating something downstream and timing how long it take to get there gives velocity (distance/time) of surface velocity. Want subsurface to would have to use correction factor when putting into equation Q=VA where A is still cross sectional area
  8. Why are watersheds important - correct answer - Flowing water carries materials and deposits them. The energy expended is also a

major driver in shaping the contour of land and habitat availability/suitability for organisms

  1. Also a resource humans cannot live without
  2. Stream - correct answer - Is sourced by water or contains observable deposits of mineral alluvium
  3. What to know about stream channels - correct answer - Slope, width, type, substrate, form
  4. Bankfull width - correct answer - Water surface elevation required to completely fill the channel to a point where water would spill onto the floodplain
  5. Water typing system dependent on bankful width measurement
  6. Determines appropriate culvert sizing
  7. Ordinary high water mark - correct answer - A point that represents the maximum rise of a body of water over land
  8. Differentiates lowland from upland vegetation or stream from riparian area
  1. Population (wildlife) - correct answer - A group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular place at a particular time with the potential to interbreed
  2. Abundance - correct answer - Number of individuals
  3. Impacted by birth/death and emigration/immigration
  4. Density - correct answer - Number of individuals / unit area
  5. Natality and mortality - correct answer - Birth rate and death rate
  6. Geometric population growth - correct answer - Growth under ideal conditions
  7. Usually occurs in populations in early stages of growth
  8. Logistic population growth - correct answer - Set limit on population size (K) , maximum population size that can be sustained on an area
  1. Abundance measurement - CMR - correct answer - Catch mark release
  2. Lincoln Index - correct answer - A catch, mark, release, recapture method of estimating animal populations by assuming..
  3. Marked and unmarked animals are captured without bias
  4. Marked animals have the same mortality as unmarked animals
  5. Tags are not lost
  6. catch per unit effort (CPUE) sampling - correct answer - Time constrained sampling. Must bear consistent relationship with true abundance
  7. Amphibians - correct answer - Can be pond-breeders that live in water (frogs), pond adapted larvae
  8. Stream breeders - some salamanders one frog, live in or near streams, stream adapted larvae
  9. Upland breeders- several salamanders, lay eggs on land, full development in egg, fully terrestrial larvae, no aquatic stage
  10. Reptile methods - correct answer - Time and area constrained searches, pitfall trapping, road night driving
  1. Acceptable limits - correct answer - Appropriate levels of environmental modification and use, leads to providing quality recreation experiences
  2. Social science methods - correct answer - Survey, interview, observation, participatory GIS
  3. Survey features - correct answer - Fixed quantitative design, collect a small amount of data in a standard form from a large number, select representative samples from known populations, closed open scale questions
  4. Strengths of surveys - correct answer - Simple straightforward approach, adaptable to collect generalized data from any population, data standardized
  5. Limitations of surveys - correct answer - Data affected by characteristics of respondents, respondents may not not seriously
  6. Strength of interviews - correct answer - Flexible and adaptive, asking people directly applied to observation, can follow up
  1. Limitations to interviews - correct answer - Requires skill, lack of standardization, time consuming, limiting geographically
  2. Strengths of observations - correct answer - Directness, contrasts/compliments other techniques, gets as real life in the real world
  3. Limitations to observations - correct answer - Time consuming, difficult, observer may have their own bias, methodological and ethical concerns
  4. Participatory GIS (PGIS) - correct answer - Maps concentrated use areas, diversity of activities, conflict areas. Community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information. Multiple scales, builds connections with agencies/tribes/stakeholders
  5. Pseudo replication vs true replication - correct answer - Artificially inflating the number of samples or replicates vs actually replicating the samples
  6. non-response bias - correct answer - Bias introduced into survey results because individuals refuse to participate.
  1. Log or stump
  2. Decay class
  3. Tree crown class - correct answer - D = dominant : crowns extend above general level of canopy
  4. C = codominant : crowns form general level of canopy
  5. I = intermediate : shorter but crowns extend well into general level of canopy  = overtopped : crowns entirely below general level of canopy
  6. Microclimate - correct answer - Local climatic conditions that differ from the regional climate (air temp, soil temp, precipitation)
  7. Microclimate can effect - correct answer - Vegetation, wildlife, soils, water
  8. By changing temp, water, wind
  9. Index productivity by assessing soil site for: - correct answer - Nutrients, aeration, Anchorage, water
  10. Bulk density - correct answer - Dry soil mass / volume
  1. Calculating total concentrations of element in soil: - correct answer - Element concentration, bulk density, soil depth
  2. site quality - correct answer - The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume production of a given species.
  3. Important for determining species suitability, predicting growth patterns, evaluating ecosystem resilience, management priorities
  4. Vegetation patterns - correct answer - Types, amount, and distribution define water quantity/quality, wildlife habitat, timber resources
  5. Impacts forest processes such as stream flow, erosion, succession
  6. Four stand development stages - correct answer - Seedling-shrub, intermediate, mature, old growth
  7. Qualitative social research - correct answer - Small sample, exploring a topic we know little about, searching for patterns or themes, time intensive data collection and analysis,
  8. Quantitative social research - correct answer - Larger sample, confirm/reject well know research question, often used to further expand knowledge, purpose is to know response across larger population, analysis can be done fairly quickly