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Exam 2: History 101 - Major Events Leading to the War of 1812, Study notes of United States History

Southeastern Louisiana UniversityUnited States History

An exam review for history 101, focusing on major events leading to the war of 1812. Topics include the saratoga battle, french alliances, the articles of confederation, shays' rebellion, and the causes and consequences of the war of 1812.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 05/10/2011

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History 101: Exam 2
February 16th, 2011
Saratoga – Major turning point of the war. Massive victory for the
Americans; taken on and beaten three English armies. We have
proven to ourselves and others that we can win, especially England.
Other countries begin to recognize us as a independent country. First
country was Morocco.
oWilliam Pitt – offers to resign as Prime Minister. Paramount
declines.
oThis battle encourages France to aid us.
Benjamin Franklin – Ambassador to France. Gets France to sign
treaties, one is for trade and the other is a treaty of alliance.
oThe treaty of alliance said that both sides would fight until
America was free. This made France help America for the full
term. In exchange for this, America must help defend the
French West Indies.
oGeorge Washington – lost Philadelphia.
Hiding in Valley Forge.
ovon Steubon – Prussian military officer volunteering to fight
with the continental army. Lies about his rank. He knows
military discipline. He told Washington he must make his men
march to make them work together as one unit.
Henry Clinton – replaces General Howe.
oHudson River Valley – believed that this was their winning
point. He captures two big American forts.
Stony Point – controlled a larger portion of the Hudson
River.
Verplanck’s Point
Anthony Wayne – Sent into the Hudson River Valley to get back
Stony Point. He captured Stony Point and Verplanck’s Point with little
effort.
oThis forces Clinton to retreat to New York City and cancel his
plans.
Benedict Arnold is going to give him another chance.
oArnold is in a lot of debt, he got married to Peggy Shippen.
British sympathizers. He believes the Americans cannot win. He
was made military commander of Philadelphia and supplies
began disappearing. He was accused of selling supplies to
merchants, then they would resell the goods back to the
congress.
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February 16th, 2011 Saratoga – Major turning point of the war. Massive victory for the Americans; taken on and beaten three English armies. We have proven to ourselves and others that we can win, especially England. Other countries begin to recognize us as a independent country. First country was Morocco. o William Pitt – offers to resign as Prime Minister. Paramount declines. o This battle encourages France to aid us. Benjamin Franklin – Ambassador to France. Gets France to sign treaties, one is for trade and the other is a treaty of alliance. o The treaty of alliance said that both sides would fight until America was free. This made France help America for the full term. In exchange for this, America must help defend the French West Indies. o George Washington – lost Philadelphia.  Hiding in Valley Forge. o von Steubon – Prussian military officer volunteering to fight with the continental army. Lies about his rank. He knows military discipline. He told Washington he must make his men march to make them work together as one unit. Henry Clinton – replaces General Howe. o Hudson River Valley – believed that this was their winning point. He captures two big American forts.  Stony Point – controlled a larger portion of the Hudson River.  Verplanck’s Point Anthony Wayne – Sent into the Hudson River Valley to get back Stony Point. He captured Stony Point and Verplanck’s Point with little effort. o This forces Clinton to retreat to New York City and cancel his plans. Benedict Arnold is going to give him another chance. o Arnold is in a lot of debt, he got married to Peggy Shippen. British sympathizers. He believes the Americans cannot win. He was made military commander of Philadelphia and supplies began disappearing. He was accused of selling supplies to merchants, then they would resell the goods back to the congress.

o Ft. West Point – moved Arnold to this fort.  Arnold offered to sell the blue prints to Clinton. o John Andre – The go between for Clinton and Arnold.  Wore civilian clothes and stuffed the plans in his boots. Caught and captured. Executed as a spy. o As soon as Arnold discovered Andre was executed, he fled the country. He left behind his wife who was captured by the Americans and held in a military jail. The Americans released her and she joined Arnold in England. Yorktown – George Washington vs. John Cornwallis face off here. o Francois de Grasse – French military general.  Chesapeake Bay – Bay that de Grasse blocks for Washington.  Cornwallis surrenders his 7,000 men.  “The World Turned Upside Down” was the song that played during the surrendering ceremony. Treaty of Paris 1783 – Four representatives at the meeting. John Jay, Henry Laurens, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. o French are not represented. French have ulterior motives. o British want the Americas to give the Loyalists their land back.  Land owners could present their land documents to American courts.  No courts. No land returned. o English had to recognize America as independent. Got Land from the Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi river. Great lakes down to Florida. The size of the country doubled. Florida was returned to Spain. Received the right to fish off of St. Lawrence and the Coast of New Foundland. Articles of Confederation – First form of government in the United States. Very weak government. o Afraid to give power to the Confederation. A bunch of mini countries working together when it suited them. Afraid of what happened with England. No central court system. Government could not tax and had no power to regulate trade. Each state had one vote in the congress, not matter what the population. Each delegate in congress was controlled by state legislature. Borrowed money. Little or no power.  Land Ordinance 1785 – To control the westward expansion out the Mississippi River. Land has to be survey

o New Jersey Plan – Small states like this plan.  Every state represented equally. o Great Compromise – Bicameral Congress. Two Houses.  One house puts Virginia plan into place, the second house puts the New Jersey Plan into action. o 3/5ths^ Compromise – Each slave counts as 3/5ths^ a person. Taxation and Representation. o 9/13 States had to approve of this before it went into effect.  Study the Document, vote for or against it. Anti Federalist – This group didn’t like that the meeting was in secret and that they were taking away from the state power. No bill of rights. o Samuel Adams o Patrick Henry Federalists – o George Washington o James Madison o Benjamin Franklin o Federalists Papers – Discusses how terrible the previous form of government was to campaign for the new government.  Virginia and New York were the last large states to agree. First President was George Washington. Vice President John Adams. Chief Justice is John Jay. o Congress creates Judicial System.  Judiciary Act o Second Chief Justice is J. Marshall. He made the supreme court powerful.  Judicial Review. George Washington had three cabinets. o State – Thomas Jefferson o Treasury – Alexander Hamilton – Most Prominent Member, doesn’t take no for an answer. Sometimes referred to as anti- democratic and was a financial wizard.  Excise Tax – To help pay off national debt. On everyday commodity. Bus ticket, soda, alcohol, gas, and other everyday things. o Department of War – Henry Knox. He was a general during the revolution.

Whiskey Rebellion – farmers fought against excise tax. Hamilton made Washington put an end to the rebellion to show the government had power. He personally made the trip with the army to Pennsylvania. Parties – Washington didn’t like the idea of parties at all. He believed that they would divide the country. o Federalists – Favored Hamilton. Wanted the government to be run by the wealthy. They believed in a broad interpretation of the Constitution. o Democratic Republicans – Strict interpretation. Don’t want to take powers away from the states. Not the roll of the government to help people make money. French Revolution – 1793 French behead their king. France declares war against England. o Federalists believe that we should help England in the war. Democratic Republicans believe that we should help France because they helped us. o Washington went to congress and asked for neutrality.  Neutrality Proclamation o Edmund Genet – Frenchman that came to the United States to try to gather aid for the French Revolution. He comes here as a private citizen and not a diplomat. He meets with private citizens.  Filibustering Expeditions – wanted Americans to go into Louisiana and take it away from Spain and Florida.  Letters of Mark – Attack ships.  Any Americans caught pirating or on filibuster missions were not to be helped from America.  Washington ordered Genet to be recalled from the U.S. John Adams – elected next. Defeated Thomas Jefferson. Merchant ships are getting attacked by France and England. The French Government was convinced that U.S. was helping England. February 23rd, 2011 CC Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall – Get the ships and cargo returned or paid for. o Talleyrand – French foreign minister that the men must meet with. o XYZ Affair – no negations until bride is paid.

o When Jefferson was running for presidency, he promised to reduce the size and the expense of the government. He believed the judicial branch was far too large. o Midnight Appointments – Adams made all the political favors he possible could before his term was over. o William Marbury – Sues James Madison for the right be a judge. Sues Madison because he did was Secretary of State not deliver appointment.  Marbury vs. Madison – You are entitled to the appointment, but we cannot force executive branch to give it to you. He loses.  Judicial Review – Supreme Court can declare an act of the President or of Congress to be unconstitutional. Only federal actions right now, not statehood. San Il defonso – transferred ownership of Louisiana back to France. o Robert Livingston – Sent to ask Napoleon if he would sell New Orleans because the government wanted control of the Mississippi River. o Louisiana Purchase – 1883 purchase. The only thing the government was interested in was New Orleans. The asking price was ten million dollars. o Napoleon wants money, he counter offers the entire Louisiana for 15 million dollars.  Santo Domingo – Napoleon’s only base near Louisiana. He lost to a slave uprising.  Toussaint L’Ouverture – Slave who helped the uprising. Dies in a prison in France. o Many people doubted that Napoleon owned Louisiana and that we were paying for something he didn’t own. Others said that giving a country at war this amount of money would be seen as aid from a neutral country. Others thought that it was unconstitutional because nowhere in the constitution did it say that the President could buy land. o The Mississippi River becomes an American river. o Louis and Clark – sent to explore Louisiana. They explored only Oregon territory. They weren’t gone long enough to see the entire territory.  Took many groups to explore the entire thing.

o A lot of boundary disputes with Spain. The fourth President was James Madison. o The Continental System (Berlin and Mallon Decree) – Trade cutoffs. (France) o The Orders in Council – Neutral Countries could not trade with France or any of her allies. (England) o The Non-Intercourse Act – No trade with England or France. Basically all of Europe. The only way to reopen trade is to take away their trade restrictions.  Shipping hates this law. A majority of the shipping in New England violates the law.  Madison acts congress to cancel act and replace it with something stronger. o Macon’s Bill Number 2 – Reopened trade with Europe. Whichever country cancels out their trade restrictions first is the only country we will trade with.  Napoleon convinces Madison he is about to lift his trade restrictions, but doesn’t. This breaks out a war between England and The United States. o The War of 1812:Reasons for War (England):Impressments – Making foreign citizens serve in your army.  A Paper Blockade – Declaring our courts closed on paper.  The British were inciting the Indians to attack settlers.  Every time the Indians brought in an American scalp, they received a bounty.  Occupying forts in our territory.  Reasons for War (United States):  Not a strong navy or army  Want control of Canada, Florida, and Oregon Shawnee Indians – A group of Indians the British supplied to. o Tecumseh – War Chief. o The Prophet – His brother. o William Henry Harrison – Battle of Tippecanoe.  Made military commander of the North West Territory February 28th, 2011

Andrew Jackson – In charge of defending New Orleans. He comes from Pensacola and through Mobile to defend.  Jean Lafitte – In charge of an outlaw group in Louisiana. Is promised a pardon from American if he assists him.  Battle of Lake Borgne – Americans attack British ships and make them turn around.  General Pakenham (B) – Promised by the British that if he takes New Orleans, he will be governor. He decides to take New Orleans for himself. British Attack with 8, men, but Jackson had men from all over holding group and surprise attack the British. Pakenham is killed by a cannonball to the shoulder. Hartford Convention – Propose a couple of amendments to the constitution. o 1. Wanted to eliminate the 3/5ths clause of the constitution. They don’t want to count slaves at all. o 2. To admit new states, impose embargos and declare war. 2/3rds vote. o 3. Wanted to limit all presidents to two terms, wanted to make it illegal to elect two presidents in a row from the same state. o The only thing that comes out of this convention is the strong Anti-War emotions coming from the north east. The Treaty of Ghent – None of the problems the United States encountered are addressed in the treaty. There are no territorial boundaries changed in the treaty. The only thing the treaty announces the end of the war of 1812. o Rush – Bagot Agreement – Not signed until 1817. Demilitarized the Great Lakes. Neither Britain nor American would keep military in the Great Lakes. Agreed to an unfortified border between the United States and Canada. Consequences/Effects of the War: o British win respect for the fighting ability of the Americans, particularly the navy. o The Americans grew to dislike Britain even more. o Defeat of the Indian tribes opened a whole area east of the Mississippi River to settlement. o The return of peace allows Americans to concentrate on their own territorial expansion starting to move westward. o Increasing industrial output and agricultural output

o Increased the American feeling of Nationalism o The trade disruptions caused by the war are settled and increased by a greater scale o The war has no purpose, but America benefits from it. o Relations between countries improve