Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Epidemiology and Risk Assessment - Health - Lecture Slides, Slides of Public Health

Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Toxicologic Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, Health Statutes and Regulations, Research Development, Environmental, Cancer Epidemiology, Psychosocial Epidemiology, Pharmacoepidemiology, Nutritional Epidemiology are some keywords from this lecture. This lecture is part of a complete lecture series on Health course. This lecture helps both students from colleges and university as well as generic people who are researching topics related to Health.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 10/31/2013

shailaja_987c
shailaja_987c 🇮🇳

4.3

(34)

233 documents

1 / 22

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Epidemiology and
Risk Assessment
(4th of 10 Lectures on
Toxicologic Epidemiology)
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16

Partial preview of the text

Download Epidemiology and Risk Assessment - Health - Lecture Slides and more Slides Public Health in PDF only on Docsity!

Epidemiology and

Risk Assessment

(4th of 10 Lectures on Toxicologic Epidemiology)

Learning Objectives

  • Appreciate the recent advances in

epidemiology pertinent to health risk assessment (RA).

  • Study the epidemiologic approaches

to human exposure assessment.

  • Learn about the biomarkers used in

epidemiology as well as in RA.

Health Statutes & Regulations

Toxicity

Studies/Data

Research Developments

Recent Advances

in Epidemiology

  • Branching out from general epidemiology.
  • Specialty disciplines now including: psychosocial; pharmaco-; occupational; environmental; nutritional; genetic; molecular; cancer epidemiology; and more.

Pharmacoepidemiology

  • Studying the use, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceuticals.
  • Beginning to flourish in 1980s.
  • Adding a new twist to the regular course of health risk assessment.

Nutritional

Epidemiology

  • Studying the role of nutrition/

diet in the etiology of disease.

  • Nutritional epidemiologists

conducted the first clinical trials.

  • Human and social factors affect

dietary intake.

Cancer Epidemiology

  • Related closely to molecular and

genetic epidemiology.

  • Now more into identifying and

quantifying nutritional and other environmental carcinogens.

  • Epidemiology on cancer effects

becoming more available for health risk assessment.

Environmental & Occu-

pational Epidemiology

  • Actually two separate branches.
  • But both are linked together due to studying exposures to common toxic agents which are relatively more preventable.
  • Occupational epidemiology tends to use biomarkers more.

Phases of Regulatory

Clinical Trials

  • Preclinical: a series of laboratory or animal studies.
  • Trial Phases: (I) testing for human safety; (II) testing for efficacy; (III) overall trial assessment.
  • Postlicensing surveillance.
  • Ideally should follow a double- blind randomization design.

Meta-Analysis of

Clinical Trial Data

  • First used around 1976.
  • Uses routine statistical methods on data pooled from various trials typically not following the same study protocol.
  • A controversial technique unacceptable to some statisticians.

Guidance for

Epidemiology Studies

  • Epidemiologic study designs can be used to assess human exposures.
  • Good epidemiology practices by: International Society for Pharmaco- epidemiology; International Epidemiological Association; and World Health Organization.

Human Exposure:

Basic Definition

  • Human exposure to a toxic agent is defined as the (level of) contact of a person with the toxicant.
  • Human exposures can be categorized by route of entry; exposure source; and exposure duration.

Use of Biomarkers

  • Limitations: low detection levels;

compliance with sample collection.

  • Related to biological monitoring.
  • Types of biomarkers: for exposure;

adverse response; susceptibility.

  • Best estimate for aggregate dose.

Criteria of Selection of

Biomarkers

  • Criteria: availability; specificity;

invasiveness; persistence; time-to- appearance; intra- and interperson variability.

  • Multiple factors causing biological

variation in dose-response.