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The Changing Nature of the
Welfare State
Elaboration of the Given Text
1. Conditional Clauses
Unless can be used as an alternative in the if Clause in the first conditional : This statement is true. The first conditional is used to express a possible situation and its result, and "unless" can be used as an alternative to "if" in the conditional clause.
I.......born in New York : The correct form is "I was born in New York."
When I...... , they were eating : The correct form is "When I arrived, they were eating."
The students ....... My book is ........ interesting than yours : The correct form is "The students' book is more interesting than yours."
2. Superlatives and Comparatives
I think Robert De Niro is ........ fascinating actor : The correct form is "I think Robert De Niro is the most fascinating actor."
Please buy those apples!I would like ...... : The correct form is "Please buy those apples! I would like some."
3. Possessives
The......... Toys are all broken : The correct form is "The children's toys are all broken."
4. Conditional Sentences
I ......... to this music for hours. It is so beautiful : The correct form is "I would listen to this music for hours. It is so beautiful."
The Clintons .........a bigger house : The correct form is "The Clintons would like a bigger house."
If sellers raise the price of a commodity : The higher price will encourage a greater production of that commodity.
5. Entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is : Someone who builds up a company from nothing: a start-up company.
6. Dependent Clauses
Identify the dependent clause or clauses in the following sentence: I m going to see Shawna at the mall later; you can come with me, though I know you two don t get along. : The dependent clause is "though I know you two don't get along."
7. Inflation and Prices
The evils of rising prices didn't appear as a priority : This occurred in the 1970s.
Our concern is that punitive damages would become the norm, not the exception' says : Stephen Bokat of the National Chamber Litigation Centre.
Knock-on' effect means : Wider consequences.
A recent report, commissioned by Taylor Johnson Garrett from the London Business School, says : Almost a third of companies think their investors' understand little or not understand at all the nature of their IP rights.
Human cloning processes are excluded from patentability by : The Biotechnology Directive.
What does inner circle refer to : Domestic controllable elements.
8. English Proficiency and Development
Improving English skills implies : Both driving up salaries, which in turn give governments and individuals more money to invest in language training, and allowing individuals to apply for better jobs and raise their standards of living.
What are the correlation found between English proficiency and the Human Development Index : All of the above.
Business leaders who understand which nations are positioning themselves for a smoother entry into the global marketplace will have a competitive advantage : This statement is true.
9. Language and Discrimination
Which of the following words is a source of apparent conflict or inconsistency when applied to language : Discrimination.
What is jargon : Special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand.
13. Language and Culture
To many, languistic equality is a fact and a norm : This statement is true.
Detonation meanS : Definitions of the word that appear in dictionaries.
Where does difference in individuals come from and communication in all its for : Culture.
The language component in an international marketing course shows : Students both the obvious and subtle cultural differences that languages convey in marketing communications.
Which of these is not an indication of the presence of language discrimination : When no language or nationality is required.
The feminine style of language tends to be more emphatic, polite and focused on others. A masculine style of language tends be more direct, forceful and impersonal, refers to : Gender inferences.
14. Welfare State and Reforms
Concerning the main aims of the welfare state in the past : The main aims of the welfare state, in the past, concerned a practical agenda of diminishing poverty and of expanding welfare provision.
Concerning the workings of the welfare state : In recent years, this issue has been studied by students of politics and economics (economists) who have enlarged the domain of welfare state studies; they try to explain through this rubric the general nature of the social, economic and political arrangements of advanced capitalism.
Concerning what has been the result of the weakening of the class structure : Above all, the breaking of the alliance between middle and working classes upon which the welfare state was built.
Concerning what are the alternatives to the welfare state : It's difficult to say because today there is strong dissatisfaction with state- administered welfare and a greater defection of consumers to market- provided welfare services.
Concerning the popularity of his proposal : It was not very popular, because at the time a growing number of people retired at 60.
15. Conditional Sentences
Is used to describe a situation that could have happened in the past if the situation had been differenT : Third Conditional.
16. Sentence Structure and Pronouns
Look! The boy ...... Is going to Milan is Jack : Who.
...... Tayler is my uncle : Mr.
John.........his colleague immediately : Should call.
........ a glass of wine? : Would you like.
If I....... a lottery, I....... .the poor : Won/would help.
17. Market Transactions
In modern times market transactions are often made : By telephone or online.
The shift of workers into the growing occupation causes : The shift in relative wages.
18. Intellectual Property and Law
Which of the following sentences is punctuated incorrectly? i love swimming my brother enjoys hockey. The marriage of intellectual property (IP) and life sciences creates one of those niche practice of law that most solicitors : Like to avoid.
Niche practices' means : Specialized areas of expertise.
A huge wave of patent registrations and subsequent litigation might be created by the recommendation by the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority to permit : Human cloning for spare parts.
DILIGENCE is the opposite of : Negligence.
Patents are probably big pharmaceutical companies companies most important : Resource.
19. Utility and Consumer Behavior
Utility : Expresses a relationship between a consumer and a commodity.
Explain the law of Diminishing Utility : The desire of a consumer for a commodity tends to diminish when the possess of that commodity increases.
Talking about what in practical terms determines how much a consumer will buy of each commodity : It depends on the money people have to spend to derive the maximum utility from their expenditure.
required to have a much stricter medical examination. 3. A new child- care allowance to help particularly single mothers, while they find a job.
Concerning what is the difference between universal and targeted benefits : Universal benefits are for life, targeted benefits are limited and determined by specific conditions.
Concerning why Mr. Lilley wanted to tighten benefit rules : To adapt the welfare state to the needs of a more affluent and diverse labour force.
About why do you think the "apprenticeship scheme" is called "gimmick" : It was an expedient, a trick, a way produced by Mr. Hunt not to satisfy completely the demand of the young for financed trainings.
Concerning what has impeded the promotion of national welfare states : Above all the internationalization of political economy and the deregulation of the modern world economy. The welfare state thought by Keynes is incompatible with the new international political economy.
23. Globalization and English Language
Which of the following is an effect of globalisation to the English language : The growing globalization has led to many business transactions and deals been done in English.
Which of the following is an effect of globalization to the English language : The growing globalization has led to many business transactions and deals been done in English.
When is it justifiable to require language in a job : When the employee needs to communicate with customers, coworkers or supervisors who speak only English.
Tycoons, magnates or moguls are : Rich and successful people with power and influence.
A manager is : Someone in a position of responsibility in an organization.
Elaboration of the Given Text
Utility and Usefulness
The text discusses the concept of utility and how it is affected by the quantity of a commodity that a person possesses. It states that the quantity of a commodity affects its utility, meaning that the desire of a consumer for a commodity tends to diminish as the possession of that commodity increases. This is known as the Law of Diminishing Utility.
The text also distinguishes between utility and usefulness, stating that utility concerns something that satisfies a want, while usefulness implies something that is beneficial.
Inflation and Savings
The text mentions that during periods of inflation, there has been an increase in the proportion of income saved. It also states that during these times, people and organizations tend to accumulate other assets such as property, land, old-master paintings, porcelain figures, and gold.
The text further discusses the concept of "runaway inflation," which is described as an uncontrolled inflation. It provides the example of West Germany, which had a lower rate of inflation after World War II.
Welfare State and Economic Growth
The text discusses the relationship between the welfare state and economic growth. It suggests that the welfare state, as envisioned by Keynes, is incompatible with the new international political economy. The text states that further development in the welfare state may begin to undermine the basis of its popular support, as the welfare state has now grown to its limits within the changing capitalist societies.
The text mentions that the political Right thought to restore economic growth by reducing the welfare state, while the Left thought it possible only if there was a transformation of society towards socialism.
Governmental Reforms
The text discusses various governmental reforms and measures proposed by different ministers. It mentions that Michael Portillo started a long-term review of public expenditure, while Peter Lilley, the social security secretary, wanted to tighten benefit rules to adapt the welfare state to the needs of a more affluent and diverse labor force.
The text also discusses the reforms proposed by Mr. Clarke, which included a new unemployment benefit tested after six months and strictly conditional on the beneficiary seeking a job, a stricter medical examination for people claiming invalidity, and a new child-care allowance to help particularly single mothers while they find a job. Additionally, Mr. Clarke proposed to equalize the retirement age for men and women at 65, with the measures being phased in over 10 years starting in 2010.
Language and Communication
The text touches on the concept of linguistic discrimination, which includes an individual's accent and size of vocabulary. It also mentions that considering your audience's gender, culture, and group is a characteristic of "think before you speak."
Inflation and Price Increases
During the years up to the late 1960s, inflation grew seriously. In the 1970s, the evils of rising prices didn't appear as a priority. Because usually wages rise month by month in line with price, many people don't worry about price increases. It comes from the necessity to cut down the effects of inflation concerning periodically adaptation of pensions and other allowances. People generally don't worry too much about inflation. In these last years, there has been an increase in the proportion of income saved concerning what happens to savings during inflation. Property, land, old-master paintings, porcelain figures and gold were accumulated during inflation concerning What other assets. Runaway inflation is an uncontrolled inflation concerning what we mean by it. They save to provide for future contingencies concerning why people and organizations save. West Germany has had a lower rate of inflation concerning what happened in West Germany after World War II with regards to inflation.
Discrimination
Discrimination is unfair treatment or denial of normal privileges to people because of their race, age, sex, nationality or religion. The case Carol Kolstad vs the American Dental Association (ADA) involves sex discrimination. Ms Kolstad was denied promotion. The US Chamber of Commerce supports the ADA. Ms Kolstad is a lawyer. Ms Kolstad was employed as a lobbyist for the ADA. 'Our concern is that punitive damages would become the norm, not the exception' says Stephen Bokat of the National Chamber Litigation Centre. According to the Jury Verdict Research, 40% of verdicts in gender discrimination cases in the last six years have included punitive damages. 'Knock-on' effect means wider consequences. The opposite of 'token' is punitive.
Intellectual Property and Life Sciences
The marriage of intellectual property (IP) and life sciences creates one of those niche practice of law that most solicitors like to avoid. A huge wave of patent registrations and subsequent litigation might be created by the recommendation by the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority to permit human cloning for spare parts. Patents are probably big pharmaceutical companies' most important resource. A recent report, commissioned by Taylor Johnson Garrett from the London Business School, says almost a third of companies think their
investors 'understand little' or 'not understand at all' the nature of their IP rights. Just over 50% of smaller companies have a programme in place to ensure that all IP rights produced by their research development are adequately protected. The right to make money out IP activity arises ethical debates. Human cloning processes are excluded from patentability by the Biotechnology Directive.
Diligence and Negligence
Diligence is the opposite of negligence. Niche practices means specialized areas of expertise. Litigation means bringing a lawsuit against someone.
Culture and Communication
Difference in individuals and communication in all its forms come from culture. Inner circle refers to domestic controllable elements. Outer circles involve marketers' decisions. One size fits all type of marketing can never work. The language component in an international marketing course shows students both the obvious and subtle cultural differences that languages convey in marketing communications. The growing globalization has led to many business transactions and deals been done in English, which is an effect of globalisation to the English language. English for specific use like business, medicine, legal etc. is referred to as ESP. Improving English skills implies driving up salaries, which in turn give governments and individuals more money to invest in language training. The correlation found between English proficiency and the Human Development Index is a measure of education (test da 10, all of the above 30). It is true that business leaders who understand which nations are positioning themselves for a smoother entry into the global marketplace will have a competitive advantage. To many, linguistic equality is a fact and a norm. Human rights organizations and in international agreements reject discrimination on the basis of language, which is true but rejected as incompatible with important scientific and political doctrines. Discrimination is a source of apparent conflict or inconsistency when applied to language. Linguistic discrimination includes individual's accent and size of vocabulary. It is not an indication of the presence of language discrimination when no language or nationality is required.
The Welfare State
The main aims of the welfare state, in the past, concerned a practical agenda of diminishing poverty and of expanding welfare provision. In recent years, this issue has been studied by students of politics and economics (economists) who have enlarged the domain of welfare state studies; they try to explain through this rubric the general nature of the social, economic and political arrangements of advanced capitalism. Given that in the long term the welfare state is incompatible with a healthy market-based economy, it was the merit of the favorable circumstances for economic growth of the post war period that there was the expansion of the economy and the welfare state. The political Right thought to restore economic growth reducing the welfare state while the Left thought it possible only if there was a transformation of society towards socialism. The welfare state has now grown to its limits as the same capitalist societies which are changing in their organization, and this would begin to undermine the basis of its popular support. Above all, the internationalization of political economy and the deregulation of the modern world economy have impeded the promotion of national welfare states. The welfare state thought by Keynes is incompatible with the new international political economy. For contemporary social democratic movements, it is necessary to activate, as in the past, a socialization of the capital investment function still partially tied to the compromise of the Keynesian Welfare State. Above all, the breaking of the alliance between middle and working classes upon which the welfare state was built has been the result of the weakening of the class structure. It's difficult to say what the alternatives to the welfare state are because today there is strong dissatisfaction with state administered welfare and a greater defection of consumers to market-provided welfare services.
Retirement Age and Welfare Reforms
Mr. Clarke proposed to equalize the retirement age for men and women at 65. His governmental measures had been phased in over 10 years, starting in the year 2010. It was not very popular, because at the time a growing number of people retired at 60. Many benefits remained; Mr. Clarke protected the universal pension and child benefit, but cut university students' grants, making more of them take out loans. Universal benefits are for life, targeted benefits are limited and determined by specific conditions. Mr. Clarke proposed 3 measures to get people into work: 1. A new unemployment benefit tested after six months and strictly conditional on the beneficiary seeking a job. 2. People claiming invalidity are required to have a much stricter medical examination. 3. A new child-
care allowance to help particularly single mothers, while they find a job. Michael Portillo and Peter Lilley, the social security secretary, have been working towards reforms in social security. Mr. Lilley wanted to tighten benefit rules to adapt the welfare state to the needs of a more affluent and diverse labour force. On education, the government didn't cut student loans, supporting the existing system of education. The 'apprenticeship scheme' is called a "gimmick" because it was an expedient, a trick, a way produced by Mr. Hunt not to satisfy completely the demand of the young for financed trainings.
Securities
Securities are transferable certificates of ownership or indebtedness. This definition includes also bills of exchange, and other negotiable or quasi-negotiable instruments. There are two basic types of securities: equity securities, representing what is commonly referred to as 'ownership rights' and 'debt securities', representing creditorship rights. Shares issued by companies are examples of the former, and bonds, issued by governments and companies, examples of the latter variety.
Verb Forms and Tenses
Conjugation
Conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb's form to reflect things like tense, person, number, etc.
Finite Verbs
In the sentence "Running late, the family quickly drove to their relative's house," the finite verb is "drove."
Passive Voice
When writing in the passive voice, the content becomes drawn out and less exciting to read, as it reduces the momentum of the writing.
To convert an active-voice sentence to passive voice, the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence. For example, the active sentence "You should congratulate your sister on her academic achievement" becomes the passive sentence "Your sister should be congratulated on her academic achievement."
The sentence "This scarf was crocheted by my friend" uses the passive voice.
When the subject of a sentence performs the action of the verb, the sentence is in the active voice.
can be inferred from the meanings of its constituents is referred to as semantic transparency.
Pronunciation and Phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language.
Acoustic Phonetics
Acoustic phonetics focuses on the physical properties of the language sounds.
Voiceless Sounds
Voiceless sounds are produced with the vocal cords apart, allowing air to flow freely through the glottis.
Pronunciation
Pronunciation can hinder comprehension, and it is often one of the most neglected aspects of English language teaching.
Reading and Writing
Reading Strategies
Skimming is the process of speedy reading for general meaning, while scanning is the process of searching for specific information.
Reading goals can include improving comprehension, expanding vocabulary, and developing critical thinking skills.
Writing
When writing, it is essential to be aware of who your readers will be. Learning verbs is also important for improving writing.
Native English Speakers
Native English speakers can sometimes try to maintain social power over English learners by making strange facial expressions when they hear them speak English.
Elaboration of the Given Text
A Naive Speaker
A naive speaker always has a more active vocabulary compared to others.
Cognitive Views of Reading Comprehension
Cognitive views of reading comprehension emphasize the interactive nature of reading and the constructive nature of comprehension.
Improving Reading
One way to improve reading is to read materials that you are interested in.
Action-Oriented Listeners
Action-oriented listeners are less patient for listening to the reasons behind a task.
Organizing Feelings in Certain Situations
If you know that you will be in a situation where you will be speaking English and are feeling nervous, you can organize your feelings during those situations.
Describing a Visual Scenario
The sentence "Look! Those cars are going to crash" describes a visual scenario.
Functions of Linkers
Linkers are used for all of the following purposes: to connect ideas, to show relationships between ideas, and to guide the reader through the text.
Mastering Rules and Exceptions in English
Mastering the rules and exceptions in the English language takes time.
Difficulty of Idiomatic Expressions
Idiomatic expressions present difficulty for various reasons, including their unpredictability, arbitrariness, and cultural relativity.
Direct Speech
In direct speech, a person's exact words are placed in quotation marks and set off with a comma and a reporting clause or signal phrase, such as "said" or "asked."
Capitalization of Proper Nouns
Capital letters are used for proper nouns.
Using "Unless" in the If Clause
"Unless" can be used as an alternative to "if" in the if clause in the first conditional.
Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
PPF stands for the Production Possibility Frontier, which represents the highest possible output of two goods that can be produced with available resources and technology.
Comparing Food Quality
The sentence "Italian food is better than junk food" compares the quality of the two types of food.
Superlative Adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used to describe someone or something with the highest degree of a certain quality.
Categories of Adverbs of Time
The three different categories of adverbs of time are points in time, duration, and frequency.
Adverbs of Frequency with "Be"
Adverbs of frequency appear before the verb "be" when "be" is being emphasized.
Direct Objects with Certain Verbs
Certain verbs do not make sense with only a direct object, especially when that direct object is a person.
Active Vocabulary
Active vocabulary refers to words that you know and know how to use.
Correct Sentence Comparison
The sentence "She's taller than her brother" is the correct one.
Advantages of Passive Voice
Using passive voice can emphasize the action and avoid mentioning the agent.
Disciplines Involving Information, Media, and Technology
Skills
Literacy, media literacy, and ICT (Information and Communications Technology) literacy are disciplines involved in information, media, and technology skills.
Meaning of "To Be Up To"
The phrase "to be up to" means to be capable of doing something competently.
Correct Sentence with Past Time Reference
The sentence "Last month, I went to Rome with them" is the correct one.
Connecting If Clause and Main Clause
The conjunction "and" can be used to connect the if clause and the main clause.
Active Voice Example
The sentence "Edmund is shaving in the upstairs bathroom" is in the active voice.
Budget as a Management Instrument
A budget is a useful management instrument in planning and controlling the allocation of resources.
Independent Clause Example
The sentence "Henry walked home from school" is an example of an independent clause.
