Electric Cars 1
Electric Cars
Murat Faruk Aydın
Electronics and Communication Engineering – Faculty of Electric and Electronics
040170036
Melik Buğra Özçelik
Electrical Engineering – Faculty of Electric and Electronics
040150331
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English 201 Essay about Electric Cars, Essays (university) of Business Economics
Advantages and Disadvantages of Electric Cars
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Electric Cars Murat Faruk Aydın Electronics and Communication Engineering – Faculty of Electric and Electronics 040170036 Melik Buğra Özçelik Electrical Engineering – Faculty of Electric and Electronics 040150331
Electric Cars Thesis: Electric cars should be replaced with conventional cars due to environmental concerns and economic advantages. I. Environmental Concerns A. Impact on regional electricity supplies and carbon dioxide emission 1.Regional electricity supplies (Hedley,2007) 2.Reduced Carbon dioxide emissions (Berger & Jorgensen, 2015) B. Reduced noise emission in cities
- Less Noise generated from electric motors (Jabben, Verheijen & Potma, 2012)
- Silent tyres (Jabben, Verheijen& Potma, 2012) II. Economic advantages A. Production costs
- Car components (Wappelhorst, Mock, Yang, 2018) (Bullis, 2012)
- Government policies (van Vliet, Brouwer, Kuramochi, van den Broek & Faaij, 2011) (Wappelhorst & Mock & Yang, 2018) B. Total cost of ownership (TCO)
- Maintenance (Propfe, Redelbach, Santini & Firedrich, 2012)
- Efficiency (Horn, 2010, p.42) (Logtenberg, Pawley & Saxifrage, 2018, p.15)
plants. While electric cars slowly increase in percentage, future developments in power generating technologies will make managing electric vehicles possible for cities. Also electricity prices will be lower than gasoline prices (2007). Considering the information above electric vehicles has different effects on power plants and their load on these suppliers will demand on factors like season car percentage and users’ lifestyle. Electric cars are cheap in spite of fuel usage because of the electricity production cost. With developments in power plants electric cars will be mainstream vehicles and the city environment will be more suitable for humans. Secondly, CO2 emissions cannot be eliminated just switching to electric cars because material that used for generating electricity is important. Berger and Jorgensen states that there is a lot of options too choose in car market comparing different cars and different nations carbon dioxide emissions from generating electricity from different sources can make comparing electric vehicles carbon dioxide emission possible. The emissions depend on the materals that used for generating electricity but athe average of the United States electricity generation emits can be more ecofriendly if electric powered vehicles increase. Today electric cars have lower carbon dioxide emissions and the more renewable sources used to generate electricity carbon dioxide emissions will drop significantly (2015, pp.1204-1208). Considering the information above different vehicle types and preferences vary from region to region and resources used to generate electricity is one of the important factors about carbon dioxide emissions. In today’s condition electric cars has advantage over internal combustion vehicles at carbon dioxide emissions. Developments in generation of electricity and increase in the usage of renewable sources will drop carbon dioxide emissions significantly. In addition to impact of electric cars on the power supplies and carbon dioxide emission rates, the noise reduction is the another benefit from changing to electric powered cars. Since internal combustion engines produces more sound electric motors has an advantage to be more silent while running. For instance, Electric cars has an advantage of
running more silent than internal combustion vehicles. As stated by Jabben Verheijen and Potma, Electric cars has advantage at decreasing noise reduction but the parameters like traffic, cruising speeds on the roads, are the affecting factors. The most impact of the electric cars impact on noise emissions can be seen at low cruising speeds and when cars idling at the traffic. Also City centers will get the most benefits of electric vehicles because of the estimated percentages of used engines in vehicles. Hybrid cars and electric vehicles will be more preferred in city centers for transportation (2012). Considering the information above: Electric cars can have significant effects in reducing noise emissions in particular circumstances. By increasing use percentage of electric vehicles in the city the noise emissions can be reduced to provide citizens a better life quality. Secondly silent wheel applications on a car can reduce noise emission in cities. Jabben, Vereijen & Potma states that, using silent wheels another effective way to reduce city noise. Researches show that silent wheels on electric vehicles have better noise reduction from 0.8 dB on conventional cars to 1.5dB to 2dB (2012). Considering the information above more effective noise reduction can be achieved by using electric cars and silent wheels together. With developments in silent roads, wheels and silent electric cars the cities will be more suitable for human health with less noise caused from traffic. Finally, electric cars have several advantages in economic terms. To begin with, production cost of electric cars are decreasing day by day. For instance, components of electric cars are becoming cheaper as electric machinery and energy storage technology advances. According to Bullis (2012), BPEVs will be a rival conventional ICEs when their batteries are 50%-80% cheaper, by the estimates of U. S. Department of Energy. Although such a price drop seems to be hardly actualized, it can be done with developments on Li-ion batteries, exclusively. For instance, a start-up called Envia Systems has built a new Li-ion battery that can store twice energy of the regular batteries and can be recharged many times.
obvious that production costs of electric cars will decrease due to cheaper components and government policies. In addition to production costs, electric cars are more successful than conventional cars in terms of total cost of ownership. To illustrate, there is a noticeable difference in the depreciation rates because of maintenance costs. It is stated in the article “Comparing Fuel and Maintenance Costs of Electric and Gas Powered Vehicles in Canada” that owing to being simpler in design and having less moving parts in drivetrains, most electric cars are considered to depreciate more slowly than conventional cars (Logtenberg, Pawley & Saxifrage, 2018, p.15). Furthermore, as it can be seen on Figure 2, battery powered and extended range electric vehicles have lower maintenance and repair costs (Propfe, Redelbach, Santini & Friedrich, 2012, p.4). For example, on Figure 2, while EREVs (Extended Range Electric Vehicle) have 5.30 € ct/km and BEVs (Battery Powered Electric Vehicle) have 5.9 € ct/km maintenance cost, ICVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle) have greater than 7 € ct/km maintenance cost. Also, while BEVs have 15 components, ICVs have 31 components that have maintenance cost. According to all these information, electric cars have lower TCO than conventional cars. Besides, it is decreasing day by day beacuse of the rapid advance in battery technology, this price is getting lower and lower. Also, being simpler in design has an important role in having lower TCO. In addition to maintenance costs, electric cars’ being more efficient has an important role in their economy. According to Energy Information Administration cited in Horn’s article, 137.8 billion gallons of gasoline was used in USA in
- Also, Horn states that the USA spent nearly half trillion dollars on gasoline, avreage $3.55 for each gallon. It is also stated that the conventional engines are only 15% efficient and the rest of the money (85%) was for just smoke (Horn, 2010, p.42). Table 2 shows that BPEVs(Battery Powered Electric Vehicle) are more efficient even than PHEVs(Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles). It easily can be seen on Table 1 that total energy cost of BPEVs is
lower than the PHEVs by 0.008 €/km for central motor configuration and 0.007 €/km for wheel motor configuration (Van Vliet, Brouwer, Kuramochi, van den Broek & Faaij, 2011, p.2305). As it is discussed and shown by the Table 2, due to being efficient, electric cars are economically adventageous. Conventional cars produces more pollution than electric cars and customers have to pay this pollutions prices. However, beacuse electric cars have zero carbon emission and smoke, customers pay only the price of electricity that charges the battery. It is clear that electric cars have lower TCO owing to having lower maintenance costs and higher efficiency than conventional cars. In conclusion, conventional cars should be replaced by electric cars because of their several advantages. At first, conventional cars lead to a concern about environment by polluting the nature. Electric cars are able to overcome these concerns about the environment. Finally, electric car prices are dropping day by day. Several governments are rearranging their taxing policies in favor of electric cars. Moreover, electric cars are more efficient than conventional ones. It seems that electric cars are the future of transportation by consideration of above information. While percentage of electric cars in transportation is increasing slowly, city infrastructures and power plants should be developed for facilitation of process.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0- 84941007305&lang=tr&site=eds-live Van Vliet, O. ( 1 ), Brouwer, A. S. ( 2 ), Kuramochi, T. ( 2 ), Van Den Broek, M. ( 2 ), & Faaij, A. ( 2 ). (2011). Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars. Journal of Power Sources, 196(4), 2298–2310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09. Wappelhorst, S., Mock, P., Yang Z. (2018). Using vehicle taxation policy to lower transport emissions: An overview for passenger cars in Europe. Retrieved from the ICCT website: https://www.theicct.org/publications/using-vehicle-taxation-policy-lower-transport-emissions
Figure 1: Prices of VW Golf variants in several EU countries. PHEV means “Plug-in Hybrid EV” and BEV means “Battery EV”. Copyright 2018 by The International Council On Clean Transportation.
Table 1: Tax ratios of several countries since April 2018. Copyright 2018 by The International Council On Clean Transportation.
Table 2: Variable cost of CM electric driving (EUR km-1). Copyright 2010 by Journal of Power Sources.