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energy and environment, Lecture notes of Energy and Environment

1. Basic Introduction to Energy: Energy and power, forms of energy, primary energy sources, energy flows, world energy production and consumption, Key energy trends in India: Demand, Electricity, Access to modern energy, Energy production and trade, Factors affecting India’s energy development: Economy and demographics Policy and institutional framework, Energy prices and affordability, Social and environmental aspects, Investment.

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2018/2019

Uploaded on 01/30/2019

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MODULE 1 & 2
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work.
Or
Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work
on, or to heat, the object.
Or
The amount of work that can be performed by force, measured in joules.
Power : defined as the rate at which work is performed. i.e Power is an energy per unit of time.
where P is power, W is work and t is time, unit is joules/sec (watts)
Page 1
1. Basic Introduction to Energy: Energy and power, forms of energy, primary energy sources, energy flows, world energy
production and consumption, Key energy trends in India: Demand, Electricity, Access to modern energy, Energy production and
trade, Factors affecting India’s energy development: Economy and demographics Policy and institutional framework, Energy
prices and affordability, Social and environmental aspects, Investment.
2. Environment: Introduction, Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies -Definition, scope and importance, Need for
public awareness. Ecosystem: Concept, Energy flow. Structure and function of an ecosystem. Food chains, food webs and
ecological pyramids, Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem and Aquatic ecosystems, Ecological succession.
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MODULE 1 & 2

Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work.

Or

Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work

on, or to heat, the object.

Or

The amount of work that can be performed by force, measured in joules.

Power : defined as the rate at which work is performed. i.e Power is an energy per unit of time.

where P is power, W is work and t is time, unit is joules/sec (watts)

1. Basic Introduction to Energy: Energy and power, forms of energy, primary energy sources, energy flows, world energy production and consumption, Key energy trends in India: Demand, Electricity, Access to modern energy, Energy production and trade, Factors affecting India’s energy development: Economy and demographics Policy and institutional framework, Energy prices and affordability, Social and environmental aspects, Investment. 2. Environment: Introduction, Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies - Definition, scope and importance, Need for public awareness. Ecosystem: Concept, Energy flow. Structure and function of an ecosystem. Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids, Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem and Aquatic ecosystems, Ecological succession.

Forms of energy : Energy exists in many different forms. Examples of these are: light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, gravitational energy, electrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic energy and so on. Each form can be converted or changed into the other forms. Total energy is sum of all forms of energy a system possesses. In the absence of magnetic, electrical and surface tension effects, the total energy of a system consists of kinetic, potential and internal energies.

Although there are many specific types of energy, the two major forms are Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.

  1. Kinetic energy is the energy in moving objects or mass. Examples include mechanical energy, electrical energy etc.
  2. Potential energy is any form of energy that has stored potential that can be put to future use. Examples include nuclear energy, chemical energy, etc
  3. Internal energy is made of sensible, latent and chemical and nuclear energies.
  4. Chemical energy: Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules).Chemical energy is released in a chemical reaction, often in the form of heat. For example, we use the chemical energy in fuels like wood, coal by burning them.
  5. Electrical Energy : Electrical energy is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor. It is one of the most common and useful forms of energy. Example – Lightening. Other forms of energy are also converted to electrical energy. For example, power plants convert chemical energy stored in fuels like coal into electricity through various changes in its form.
  6. Mechanical Energy: Mechanical energy is the energy a substance or system has because of its motion. For example machines use mechanical energy to do work.
  7. Thermal energy: Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has related to its temperature, i.e., the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. For example, we use the solar radiation to cook food.
  8. Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy is the energy that is trapped inside each atom. Nuclear energy can be produced either by the fusion (combining atoms) or fission (splitting of atoms) process. The fission process is the widely used method.
  9. Gravitational Energy: Gravitational energy is that energy held by an object in a gravitational field. Examples include water flowing down a waterfall.
  10. Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion of hydrogen in sun. some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight, which may again may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the earth,

For example : water evaporates from the oceans, may be deposited on elevated parts of the earth, and after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can drive turbines to produce energy in the forms of electricity. Atmospheric phenomena like wind, rain, snow, and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the atmosphere of earth.

  1. Sunlight is also captured by plants a chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water are converted into carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This chemical potential energy is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell.