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Child Development: Key Concepts and Theories, Exams of Advanced Education

A comprehensive overview of key concepts and theories in child development. it covers various developmental domains, including physical, cognitive, personality, and social development, and explores influential perspectives such as the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and contextual approaches. The document also delves into research methods used in developmental psychology, including correlational research, experiments, and longitudinal studies. it's a valuable resource for students studying child development.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/02/2025

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ELED 3120 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
Child Development - ANSWER The field that involves the scientific study of the patterns
of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence
Physical Development - ANSWER Development Involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink,
and sleep.
Cognitive Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that growth and
change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Personality Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that the enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan
Social Development - ANSWER The way in which individuals' interactions with others
and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
Cohort - ANSWER A group of people born at around the same time in the same place
Discontinuous Change - ANSWER Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
Critical Period - ANSWER A specific time during development when a particular event
has its greatest consequence
Plasticity - ANSWER The degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is
modifiable
Sensitive Period - ANSWER A specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible
to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment
Maturation - ANSWER The process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic
information
Theories - ANSWER Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest,
providing a framework for understanding relationships among an organized set of facts
or principles; theories explain what facts mean
Psychodynamic Perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that
states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person
has little awareness or control
Psychosexual Development - ANSWER According to Freud, a series of stages that
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ELED 3120 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH

ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED

Child Development - ANSWER The field that involves the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence

Physical Development - ANSWER Development Involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep.

Cognitive Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior

Personality Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan

Social Development - ANSWER The way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

Cohort - ANSWER A group of people born at around the same time in the same place

Discontinuous Change - ANSWER Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

Critical Period - ANSWER A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence

Plasticity - ANSWER The degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable

Sensitive Period - ANSWER A specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment

Maturation - ANSWER The process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information

Theories - ANSWER Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding relationships among an organized set of facts or principles; theories explain what facts mean

Psychodynamic Perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

Psychosexual Development - ANSWER According to Freud, a series of stages that

children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

Psychosocial Development - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society

Behavioral perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

Classical Conditioning - ANSWER A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response; John B. Watson

Operant Conditioning - ANSWER A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences

Behavior Modification - ANSWER A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

Social-Cognitive Learning Theory - ANSWER An approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.

Cognitive Perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

Information-processing approaches - ANSWER Approaches to the study of cognitive development to seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

Cognitive Neuroscience-Approaches - ANSWER Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity

Contextual Perspective - ANSWER The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds

Bioecological approach - ANSWER The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism

Sociocultural Theory - ANSWER An approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

Evolutionary perspective - ANSWER The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from out ancestors

Scientific Method - ANSWER The process of posing and answering questions using

Sample - ANSWER A group of participants chosen for an experiment

Field Study - ANSWER A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

Theoretical Research - ANSWER Research designed to specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

Applied Research - ANSWER Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

Longitudinal research - ANSWER Research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age

Cross-Sectional Research - ANSWER Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Sequential Studied - ANSWER Studied in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time

Cephalocaudal Principle - ANSWER The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body

Proximodistal principle - ANSWER The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

Principle of hierarchical integration - ANSWER The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills

Principle of the independence of systems - ANSWER The principle that different body systems grow at different rates

Neuron - ANSWER The ball nerve cell of the nervous system

Synapse - ANSWER The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another

Myelin - ANSWER A fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

Cerebral cortex - ANSWER The upper layer of the brain

Plasticity - ANSWER The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

Sensitive period - ANSWER A specific, but limited time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet or development

Rhythms - ANSWER Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

State - ANSWER The degree of awareness an infant displays to not internal and external stimulation

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) - ANSWER The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - ANSWER The unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby

Communication Rapport - ANSWER Learning that there are certain things in the world that repeat with pattern regularly; predictability; routines; infants need predictability and communication and not just affection

Paradigm - ANSWER A family of theories

Endogenous Paradigm - ANSWER Ex. look inside the body

Exogenous Paradigm - ANSWER Ex. look outside the body

Constructivism Paradigm - ANSWER Works by building something in development that wasn't there before

Rousseau - ANSWER Wrote "The Emile" and "The Education of Sophie"; believed in the "moral" child and the "natural plan"; "Discovery learning"; permissiveness; lease restrictive environment...he made it all up.

Zeitgeist - ANSWER Spirit of the time; what's going on in the world that will influence those living in it at that time?

Konrad Lorenz - ANSWER Was an ethologist

Imprinting & geese, confirmation of stages of development

Elements of Freudian Theory - ANSWER 1. Dynamic System

  1. Sequential System
  2. Structural System

Phylogenic - ANSWER species change over time

Ontogenetic - ANSWER individuals change over their lifespan

3 Levels & Processes of Development - ANSWER 1. Genetic mutations/recombinations act during reproduction

  1. Natural selection acts on individuals within their life
  2. Evolution acts on species over many generations

E.O. Wilson's 2 Advances on Darwin's Theory - ANSWER 1. Natural selection doesn't occur solely through competing for survival, it occurs through reproductive success and genetic fitness

  1. Social qualities/social tendencies are also phenotypes. They are controlled by and connected to underlying genotypes

Sir Frank Frazier-Darling - ANSWER "simultaneous birthing"

(dik-dik example)

Skinner - ANSWER Operant Conditioning (AKA Instrumental Conditioning)

Skinner argued that:

-you can choose your behavior

-people are proactive, operant

-consequence of response

-response --> selected

-reinforcement --> one type of consequence

Positive reinforcement - ANSWER Add a stimulus

If you have to memorize it, it's probably figurative.

Ex. memorizing multiplication facts

Schema - ANSWER Organized action pattern

Every schema involves assimilation

Object permanence - ANSWER beginning of intentional behavior

Constructivist Motto (C.M.) - ANSWER You never learn anything completely new in the abstract; you only make adjustments to what you've learned in the past

Moro Reflex - ANSWER Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment

Discrimination Stimulus - ANSWER Cues that influence behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement.

Stimuli that are associated with differential consequences for behavior (S + and S -)

Stimulus response behaviorism - ANSWER (Skinner) Leads to fight or flight

The exogenous family of theories - ANSWER (Skinner)

The endogenous family of theories - ANSWER (Freud & Wilson) Children are governed by nature rather than nurture

Assimilation and Accommodation: - ANSWER Co-occur in interactions we have with objects in our life; helps us confer meaning to our experience

Mind must be constructed through assimilation and accommodation of schemes

Assimilation - ANSWER Works by conferring meaning on experience

Accommodation - ANSWER Making adjustments, reimagining to be able to assimilate past experiences with new meaning

Avoidance Learning - ANSWER Ex. Skinner's rats....the rats learned to press the lever when the light came on thus avoiding the current altogether

Escape Learning - ANSWER Ex. Skinner's rats...Escape learning because the rats learned to press the lever in order to escape the current