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Child Development - ANSWER The field that involves the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence
Physical Development - ANSWER Development Involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep.
Cognitive Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Personality Development - ANSWER Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan
Social Development - ANSWER The way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
Cohort - ANSWER A group of people born at around the same time in the same place
Discontinuous Change - ANSWER Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
Critical Period - ANSWER A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence
Plasticity - ANSWER The degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable
Sensitive Period - ANSWER A specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment
Maturation - ANSWER The process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
Theories - ANSWER Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding relationships among an organized set of facts or principles; theories explain what facts mean
Psychodynamic Perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control
Psychosexual Development - ANSWER According to Freud, a series of stages that
children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part
Psychosocial Development - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society
Behavioral perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response; John B. Watson
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
Behavior Modification - ANSWER A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory - ANSWER An approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.
Cognitive Perspective - ANSWER The approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
Information-processing approaches - ANSWER Approaches to the study of cognitive development to seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
Cognitive Neuroscience-Approaches - ANSWER Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity
Contextual Perspective - ANSWER The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds
Bioecological approach - ANSWER The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism
Sociocultural Theory - ANSWER An approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
Evolutionary perspective - ANSWER The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from out ancestors
Scientific Method - ANSWER The process of posing and answering questions using
Sample - ANSWER A group of participants chosen for an experiment
Field Study - ANSWER A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
Theoretical Research - ANSWER Research designed to specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
Applied Research - ANSWER Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
Longitudinal research - ANSWER Research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age
Cross-Sectional Research - ANSWER Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
Sequential Studied - ANSWER Studied in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time
Cephalocaudal Principle - ANSWER The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
Proximodistal principle - ANSWER The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
Principle of hierarchical integration - ANSWER The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
Principle of the independence of systems - ANSWER The principle that different body systems grow at different rates
Neuron - ANSWER The ball nerve cell of the nervous system
Synapse - ANSWER The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another
Myelin - ANSWER A fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
Cerebral cortex - ANSWER The upper layer of the brain
Plasticity - ANSWER The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
Sensitive period - ANSWER A specific, but limited time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet or development
Rhythms - ANSWER Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
State - ANSWER The degree of awareness an infant displays to not internal and external stimulation
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) - ANSWER The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - ANSWER The unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
Communication Rapport - ANSWER Learning that there are certain things in the world that repeat with pattern regularly; predictability; routines; infants need predictability and communication and not just affection
Paradigm - ANSWER A family of theories
Endogenous Paradigm - ANSWER Ex. look inside the body
Exogenous Paradigm - ANSWER Ex. look outside the body
Constructivism Paradigm - ANSWER Works by building something in development that wasn't there before
Rousseau - ANSWER Wrote "The Emile" and "The Education of Sophie"; believed in the "moral" child and the "natural plan"; "Discovery learning"; permissiveness; lease restrictive environment...he made it all up.
Zeitgeist - ANSWER Spirit of the time; what's going on in the world that will influence those living in it at that time?
Konrad Lorenz - ANSWER Was an ethologist
Imprinting & geese, confirmation of stages of development
Elements of Freudian Theory - ANSWER 1. Dynamic System
- Sequential System
- Structural System
Phylogenic - ANSWER species change over time
Ontogenetic - ANSWER individuals change over their lifespan
3 Levels & Processes of Development - ANSWER 1. Genetic mutations/recombinations act during reproduction
- Natural selection acts on individuals within their life
- Evolution acts on species over many generations
E.O. Wilson's 2 Advances on Darwin's Theory - ANSWER 1. Natural selection doesn't occur solely through competing for survival, it occurs through reproductive success and genetic fitness
- Social qualities/social tendencies are also phenotypes. They are controlled by and connected to underlying genotypes
Sir Frank Frazier-Darling - ANSWER "simultaneous birthing"
(dik-dik example)
Skinner - ANSWER Operant Conditioning (AKA Instrumental Conditioning)
Skinner argued that:
-you can choose your behavior
-people are proactive, operant
-consequence of response
-response --> selected
-reinforcement --> one type of consequence
Positive reinforcement - ANSWER Add a stimulus
If you have to memorize it, it's probably figurative.
Ex. memorizing multiplication facts
Schema - ANSWER Organized action pattern
Every schema involves assimilation
Object permanence - ANSWER beginning of intentional behavior
Constructivist Motto (C.M.) - ANSWER You never learn anything completely new in the abstract; you only make adjustments to what you've learned in the past
Moro Reflex - ANSWER Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment
Discrimination Stimulus - ANSWER Cues that influence behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
Stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement.
Stimuli that are associated with differential consequences for behavior (S + and S -)
Stimulus response behaviorism - ANSWER (Skinner) Leads to fight or flight
The exogenous family of theories - ANSWER (Skinner)
The endogenous family of theories - ANSWER (Freud & Wilson) Children are governed by nature rather than nurture
Assimilation and Accommodation: - ANSWER Co-occur in interactions we have with objects in our life; helps us confer meaning to our experience
Mind must be constructed through assimilation and accommodation of schemes
Assimilation - ANSWER Works by conferring meaning on experience
Accommodation - ANSWER Making adjustments, reimagining to be able to assimilate past experiences with new meaning
Avoidance Learning - ANSWER Ex. Skinner's rats....the rats learned to press the lever when the light came on thus avoiding the current altogether
Escape Learning - ANSWER Ex. Skinner's rats...Escape learning because the rats learned to press the lever in order to escape the current
