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The concept of semiconductors, focusing on covalent bonding, intrinsic carriers, and impurities in silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. It covers the structure of the lattice, valence electrons, trivalent and pentavalent atoms, and the impact of impurities on conductivity.
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Typology: Lecture notes
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Semiconductors: elements having conductivity between a good conductor and insulator
o Relatively easy to find o Available in large quantities o Relatively easy to refine to obtain very high levels of purity which is an important aspect in the fabrication process But diodes and transistors constructed using Ge suffered from low levels of reliability due to its sensitivity to change in temperature
o have improved temperature sensitivity o One of the most abundant materials on earth o Has the benefit of years of development o Is the leading semiconductor materials for electronic components and ICs
o was more difficult to manufacture at high levels of purity o was more expensive o Had little design support o Often used as the base material for new high-speed, very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit designs To fully appreciate why Si, Ge, and GaAs are the semiconductors of choice for the electronics industry requires some understanding of the atomic structure of each and how the atoms are bound together to form a crystalline structure.
From the given figure:
According to Danish Physicist Neils Bohr in 1913:
Energy Level Diagram (showing energy levels of a single isolated atom of silicon):
Reverse bias is the condition that essentially prevents current through the diode
where:
Forward-Bias Connection:
Reverse-Bias Connection: