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Typology: Summaries
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Weiten et al., 2020
2
Adjustment involves action and reaction
to the environment, others, emotions,
behaviors…
Nature Versus Nurture
Genes - the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a
segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
chromosomes - strands of DNA that consists of genes.
People normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Environment and learning influences
◦ Research indicates that both nature and
nurture tend to be responsible for most.
Clinical Approach vs. Healthy-Personality
Approach
◦
Clinical Approach: focuses on ways to
overcome problems.
◦
Healthy Personality: focuses on
healthful patterns of personal growth
(e.g., social and vocational
development).
◦ Positive Psychology: emphasizes the
positive aspects of our behavior, such
as our assets and virtues, rather than
Critical Thinking and Adjustment
Features
Maintain healthy skepticism.
Examine definitions and assumptions or premises
of arguments.
Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence.
Consider alternative interpretations of evidence,
especially of evidence that seems to show cause
and effect.
Don’t oversimplify or overgeneralize.
Apply critical thinking to all areas of life.
How Counselors and Psychologists Do Research
The Case Study Method
Case study method: a method of research
based on a carefully drawn biography obtained
through interviews, questionnaires, tests.
Social desirability bias: the tendency for
people to respond in socially desirable ways.
The Survey Method
Survey: means of information gathering by
which large numbers of individuals are
interviewed or asked to complete
questionnaires in order to learn about their
attitudes or behaviors.
Samples and Populations
Sample : part of a population selected for research.
Population : a complete group of organisms or
events
Generalize : to extend from the particular to the
general; to apply observations based on a
sample to a population.
Random Sampling : sample drawn such that every
member of a population has an equal chance of
being selected
Volunteer Bias : a source of bias or error in
research that reflects the prospect that people who
offer to participate in research studies differ
systematically from people who do not.
The Experimental Method
Experimental method: a scientific method
that seeks to confirm or discover cause-
and-effect relationships by introducing
independent variables and observing
their effects on dependent variables.
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent variable: a condition in a scientific
study that is manipulated so that its effects
may be observed
Dependent variables: a measure of an assumed
effect of an independent variable.
Treatment: in experiments, a condition
received by participants so that its effects
may be observed.
Random assignment: a procedure for
randomly assigning subjects to
experimental or control groups
Experimental group : a group of subjects
who receive a treatment in an experiment
Control group : a group of subjects in an
experiment whose members do not obtain
the treatment, while other conditions are
held constant. Therefore, one may
conclude that group differences following
treatment result from the treatment.
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Placebo: a bogus treatment that has
the appearance of being genuine.
Blind - experiments in which the
subjects do not know who has been
given the active treatment and who
has not.
Double-blind studies: experiments in
which neither the subjects nor the
researchers know who has been