einfpewnfe neiofnoenfeonf, Summaries of History

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Adjusting to

Modern Life

Weiten et al., 2020

Psychology and Adjustment

Psychology: the science that

studies behavior and mental

processes that underlie it and

applies the accumulated

knowledge of this science to

practical problems.”

Behavior is “any overt (observable)

response.”

Adjustment: processes by which

people respond to environmental

2

Born that way or learned?



Adjustment involves action and reaction

to the environment, others, emotions,

behaviors…



Nature Versus Nurture



Genes - the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a

segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and

chromosomes - strands of DNA that consists of genes.

People normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes.



Environment and learning influences

◦ Research indicates that both nature and

nurture tend to be responsible for most.

Clinical Approach vs. Healthy-Personality

Approach

◦

Clinical Approach: focuses on ways to

overcome problems.

◦

Healthy Personality: focuses on

healthful patterns of personal growth

(e.g., social and vocational

development).

◦ Positive Psychology: emphasizes the

positive aspects of our behavior, such

as our assets and virtues, rather than

Critical Thinking and Adjustment



Critical thinking: approach to thinking

characterized by skepticism and thoughtful

analysis of statements and arguments

Features



Maintain healthy skepticism.



Examine definitions and assumptions or premises

of arguments.



Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence.



Consider alternative interpretations of evidence,

especially of evidence that seems to show cause

and effect.



Don’t oversimplify or overgeneralize.



Apply critical thinking to all areas of life.

What about Astrology and Other Pseudosciences?



Pseudoscience: a method or system

that claims to have a scientific basis

but does not, such as astrology..



Barnum effect: the tendency of

people to accept over-generalized

descriptions of personality as

accurate appraisals of their own

personalities.

How Counselors and Psychologists Do Research

The Case Study Method



Case study method: a method of research

based on a carefully drawn biography obtained

through interviews, questionnaires, tests.



Social desirability bias: the tendency for

people to respond in socially desirable ways.

The Survey Method



Survey: means of information gathering by

which large numbers of individuals are

interviewed or asked to complete

questionnaires in order to learn about their

attitudes or behaviors.

Samples and Populations

Sample : part of a population selected for research.

Population : a complete group of organisms or

events

Generalize : to extend from the particular to the

general; to apply observations based on a

sample to a population.

Random Sampling : sample drawn such that every

member of a population has an equal chance of

being selected

Volunteer Bias : a source of bias or error in

research that reflects the prospect that people who

offer to participate in research studies differ

systematically from people who do not.

The Experimental Method



Experimental method: a scientific method

that seeks to confirm or discover cause-

and-effect relationships by introducing

independent variables and observing

their effects on dependent variables.



Independent and Dependent Variables



Independent variable: a condition in a scientific

study that is manipulated so that its effects

may be observed



Dependent variables: a measure of an assumed

effect of an independent variable.

Experimental and Control Groups



Treatment: in experiments, a condition

received by participants so that its effects

may be observed.



Random assignment: a procedure for

randomly assigning subjects to

experimental or control groups



Experimental group : a group of subjects

who receive a treatment in an experiment



Control group : a group of subjects in an

experiment whose members do not obtain

the treatment, while other conditions are

held constant. Therefore, one may

conclude that group differences following

treatment result from the treatment.

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Blinds and Double Blinds



Placebo: a bogus treatment that has

the appearance of being genuine.



Blind - experiments in which the

subjects do not know who has been

given the active treatment and who

has not.



Double-blind studies: experiments in

which neither the subjects nor the

researchers know who has been

Psychology in Daily Life – just for you



Do you say what you think or

misrepresent your beliefs for the

approval of others?



Do you text? Duh. Why don’t

people talk anymore? Is having

all this tech good or bad or both?