Effective Treatment of Sewage Water-Modern Biotechnology and Applications-Project Report, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biotechnology

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A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

Effective treatment of Sewage

water

Submitted to

Biotechnology Department

Submitted to: Submitted by:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and gratitude do Ms. Rimpy Singla head deptt. Of Biotechnology for her inspiration & guidance during preparation of this project report. I pay may concern thanks to Mrs. Ujjwal Sharma, Principal , Hindu Girls College for providing library facilities & encouragement. Lastly I thank all my teacher who are involved directly or indirectly to complete my project. Himani Sharma B.Sc. (IIIrd) Biotechnology

INTRODUCTION

SEWAGE/WASTE WATER:-

Sewage/Waste water is essentially the water supply of community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses. From the sand point of sources of generation, waste water may be defined as a combination of the liquid(water) carrying waste removed from residences, institutions & commercial & industrial establishments, together with such ground water,surface water & storm water as may be present. Generally the waste water discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions & commercial establishments is termed as sewage/community waste water. It comprises of 99.9% water & 0.1% solids & is organic because it consists of carbon compounds like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. Besides community waste water/sewage, there is industrial waste water in the region. Many industrial wastes are also organic in composition and can be treated physico-chemically and by micro-organisms in the same way as sewage.

TYPES OF WATER

Water can be defined into four well marked classes. They are as i) Atmospheric Water: Rain water and water formed by snow are grouped under atmospheric water. As the rain and the snowfall, they wash the dusty atmosphere and bring down dust, soot and other suspended particles to earth along with these non living particles atmospheric water also carries air bone bacteria to the earth’s surface. In rain water number of bacteria may be upto a few hundred per ml. ii) Surface Water: as soon as rain drops and the snow flakes reach to surface of earth. They quickly become contaminated with the soil miroflora of the area. Such water are then reflected as surface water. Mountain water contains a few micro- organisms but as it flows from higher region to lower regions, it contains large amounts of organic matter, the population of these organisms increases considerably. Such water facilitates growth of saprophytic species and protozoa. River water often shows their highest count during rainy season. iii) Ground Water: AS water percolates through the earth. It is usually filtered that is why it reaches to certain depths, on account of which it is named as ground water. Such water supports the growth of few types of bacteria. Ground water

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

1) Physical characteristics of water:- These are colour, odour, taste, temperature, transparency & tubidity are the physical factors of water. a) Colour:- Colour in water means those hues inherent within the water itself which result from colloidal substances and materials in solution.In natural water colour may occur due to presence of humic acids,fulvic acids,metallic ions,suspended matter,phytoplankton & industrial effluents. Algal flora imparts green colour to water with excess of slit appears brownish.Organic matter and iron impart a yellow hue to water. b) Odour & Taste:- Odour & taste are the prime considerations for the potable water.Natural water depending upon their impurities have specific odour and taste. Peaty, silica & chalky waters have an earthy odour.Decaying water weeds like chara,rotten hay & straw impart an odour like that of decaying fish.Contamination with sewage water may give the odour of hydrogen sulphide.Fungi growing on decaying plant material yields a mustly odour. Chlorinated water with phenol traces give very strong chlorophenol odour.

Taste of water depends upon the impurities in water & it is also linked with the odour. c) Temperature:- Impinging solar radiation & the atmospheric temperature bring about interesting spatial & temporal thermal changes in natural water which manifest in setting up of conviction currents & thermal stratification.Discharge of heated effluents also bring about thermal changes in natural water.Temperature is basically an important factor for it’s effect on chemical,biological reactions & growth of micro-organisms in water.A rise in temperature of water accelerates chemical reactions,reduces solubility of gases,amplifies taste & odour & elerates metabolic activity of organisms. d) Transparency (Light Penetration):- Transparency of water is inversely proportional to the turbidity,which in turn is directly proportional to the amount suspended organic & inorganic matter. e) Turbidity:- Turbidity in natural water is caused by suspended matter like clay,silt,organic matter,phytoplankton & other microscopic organisms. It is actually the expression of optical property in which the light is scattered by the suspended particles present in water. Scattering of light is dependent upon the size, shape & refractive index of such particles.Turbidity when largely because of phytoplankton is considered as an index of productivity, but on the contrary, when because of suspended matter other than

as presence of toxic chemicals.In such water BOD can not determined accurately.However COD is too not a perfect index of compound present in water because,in this reaction many inorganic compounds are also oxidized and at the same time same organic compounds remain unaffected. c) Suspended Solids:- The suspended solids are either filtered or allowed to settle and their amount in 1L of waste water is determined.These material impose a long term O2 demand on the river water. d) Ammonical Nitrogen:- The assay for ammonium(NH4+) involves making the water sample alkaline,gently warming the alkaline sample to liberate NH4+ ions,trapping the NH3 & determination of it’s amount either by titration or by calorimetry using a chromatogenic reagent like Nessler’s reagent.Alternatively, ammonium specific ions electrodes may be used to measure NH4+ concentration in the water samples or in distillates from the water samples.The later is more desirable,however since certain materials present in the waste water may interfere with the assay. e) Phosphates:- Detergents containing polyphosphates are the main source of phosphates in water.Measurements of phosphates are usually based on calorimetric assays.

MICROBIAL TESTING OF SEWAGE WATER

1. Determination of total dissolved solids of water:-Water the universal solvent has a large number of salts dissolved in it which largely govern the Physico-Chemical properties of water & inturn have an indirect effect on the Flora & Fauna.Total dissolved solids(TDS) are determined as the residue left after eva-portion of the filtered sample. Requirements:-  Evaporating dish  Hot water bath  Desicator  Whatman filter paper no.  Balance Procedure:- Take the weight of the evaporating dish.Filter the sample of suitable quantity (250-500ml) through whatman filter paper no.4.Transfer the sample to the evaporating dish. Evaporate on a water bath. Note the weight of the dish along with the contents after cooling in a dessicator.

Calculation: Calculate the total dissolved solids (Tds) byt using the formula:- TDs = B-A x 10 6 V Where A = initial weight of the dish (g) B = Final weight of the dish (g) V = volume of the water Sample taken (ml) A = 5.00 gm B = 5.200 gm V = 100 ml. TDS = (5.200 – 5.00) x 10 6 100 = .200 x 10 6 100 = 2 x 10 3 mg/litre Result: The total dissolved solid in taken sample is 2 x 10 3 mg/litre

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of water. Dissolved oxygen of water is of paramount importance to all living organisms & is considered to be the lone factor which to a great extent can reveal the nature of the whole aquatic system at a glance, even when information on other chemical, physical & biological parameters is not available.  The presence of DO in water may be mainly attributes to two distinct phenomenon's; (i) direct diffusion from the air; (ii) Photosynthetic evolution by aquatic autotrophs' The first one is purely a physical process and depends upon the solubility of the oxygen under the influence of temp., valinity, water movements etc.  Whereas the latter is a biological process and depends on the availability of light and the rate of metabolic processes resulting in diurnal fluctuations.  Eutrophic water boolies, characterized by an abundant accumulation of nutrients that support a dense growth of plant and animal life, the decay of which depletes the shallow water of oxygen in summer.

2.) Add 2 ml each of manganous sulphate and potassium hydroxide Solo with separate pipettes and replace the stopper.

3. Shake the bottle in the upside down direction at least six times. 4.) Allow the brown precipitates to settle. 5.) Add 2 ml. of Conc. sulphuric acid and shake the stoppered bottle to dissolve the brown precipitates. 6.) Take 50 ml. Sole in a flask and titrate with thiosuiphate Solo (taken in the burette) till the colour changes to pale straw. 7.) Add 2 drops of starch Sol to the above flask which change the colour of contents from pale to blue. 8.) Titrate again with thiosuiphate Sol till the blue colour disappears.

Calculation: D.O. = (8 x 1000 x N) x U V Where V = Volume of sample taken in ml U = Volume of tilrant used N = Normality of the tilrant 8 is the constant since 1m of 0.025 N Sodium thoisulphate Sol is equivalent 0.2 mg oxygen. Sample one V = 100 ml U = 11 ml N = 0. DO = (8 x 1000 x 0.025) x 11 100 = 22 mg/litre Sample Two V = 100 ml U = 6 ml N = 0. DO = (8 x 1000 x 0.025) x 6 100 = 12 mg/litre

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of water. The Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a way of expressing the amount of organic compounds in sewage as measured by the volume of oxygen required by bacteria to metabolize it under aerobic conditions.  It is a good index of the organic pollution.  If the amount of organic matter in a sewage is more, the more oxygen will be utilized by bacteria to degrade it.  Dumping sewage that contains high BOD increases the concentration of soluble organic compounds in the aquatic Body where it is discharged.  Digestion of these organic compounds in the natural ecosystems. o Such as lakes, rivers can deplete available oxygen and result in asphyxiation (death) of fish. REQUIREMENTS:  Water sample  BOD bottle  Allyl sulphate Sole.  Phosphate buffer Sole.  Sulphate acid (IN)  Sodium hydroxide  Sodium thiosulphate Sol

PROCEDURE:

1. Adjust the pH of water sampie to neutraiity using IN acid or ofN alkali Sol'.
2. Fill the water sample in 4 BOD bottles without bubbling.
3. Add I ml. of ally[ thiourea to each bottle.
4. Determine the dissolved oxygen content in 2 of the 4 BOD bottles by titration method.  Take the sodium thiosulphate SoI in burette tilrate the sample till the colour changes to pale straw.  Add 2 drops of starch Sole to the above flask which changes the colour of the contents from pale to blue.  Titrate again with thiosulphate Solo till the blue colour disappear.  Note the reading i.e. D1.
5. Incubate the rest of the two BOD bottles at 27°C in Incubator for 3 days.
6. Estimate the oxygen Conc in all the three incubated samples.
7. Take the readings i.e. D2.