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DEPARTMENT OF ‘COMMERCE
EUR "AU^ OF^ ST AN^ DARI
S
washi^gSRn
Letter Circ ular 241
January 30, 1920.
(Revised January 27, 1923)
iCr (^) vtr
EFFECT OF SULPHUR AtTO PHOSPHORUS O'T IROi^ AUD >7^ VT
.
Bell, I. L. Chemical^ Phenomena^ .of^ Iron^ Smelting,^ Con-
cluMons^ Journal of Iron and Steel Insti- tute., i,^ p.^ 88..
Refers to Bessemer process as freeing
iron of nearly all impurities hut P.
and perhaps this will he accomplished.
1372 Pearse, J. B. The Manufacture of Iron and Steel Rails,
.... ... Trans. A.I.M.S. (^) 1, p. 162.
A consideration of^ the^ important
qualities of steel and the proper tests
to Show their uniformity. P and Mn pro
duce brittle rails. In fact, no good
steel has ever been made with more than
0.21- p
,
Fell, I. L. President's address at annual meeting o~
Iron and Steel Institute* Journal o-^1 -’^ Iron and Steel Institute. (^) 1, p. 1,
- States that. C and? can he^ combined
with iron' but M. Surer te of Torrenoire
has raised the^ nuestion whether it is
not the concurrent presence of these
elements which exercise, so. fatal an
effect, on the duality 'of steel.
This French metallurgist does not be-
lieve the ‘presence of phosphorus in
moderate quantities will interfere with
the malleability of wrought iron. On
p. (^) 28, idem, he says silicon, Phosphor- us and sulphur injure the metal.
1374 Raymond,^ R.^ W.^ Phosphorus^ and^ Carbon^ in^ Iron^ and^ Steely
Trans. A.I.M.E., (^) 3_, p. 131,
Introducing data^ to^ show^ that^ F^ may
he increased without injury to steel
if the amount of C is pr ooort ionately
decreased and that this fact has been
known for some time.
1376 Dyer,^ B. Chemical^ Analysis^ Considered^ in^ Its^ Appli-
cation. to Civil and Mechanical Engineering
Jour, of Iron and. Steel Institute, O.507.
Abstract. Touch is^ upon^ the^ influence
of minute^ proportions^ of^ F^1 S uoon
.^ the^ quality^ of iron^ and^ steel.
1877 Siemens, Dr. President's Address, -^ Journal of Iron
and Steel Institute, (^) p. 6,
The ' use ' of ‘ Mn without C neutralizes
the objectionable F so long as the
.latter does (^) .not exceed 0.25^. This
metal in which P takes the olace of
C is extremely ductile when cold.
1878 Adamson, D. On the Mechanical and Other Properties of
Iron and Steel, Journal of Iron and Steel
Institute, (^) p..
.
Concludes that a higher endurance of
drifting test is secured by the lowest
amount of S and P. Hot bend tests
also depend on absence of S. while
the? (^) .must also be low.
1878 Bell, I. L. On the Separation of Phosphorus from Pig
Iron, Journal of Iron and Steel Institute,
p. 17.
"The- weakening effect of phosohorus
on the quality (^) of iron or sh -el con-
taining this ‘substance has been ack-
nowledged for many years." In the
discussion, Mr. Edward Riley said he
examined some steel rails which con-
tained 0.242 (^) percent ?. and 0.34 per-
1879 Deshay es, V.^ Note^ sur^ las^ Raports^ Exist^ ant^ entre^ la
Composition Chimique^ et^ les^ Proprietes
Mechaniques des Aciers. Annales des Mines,
(^15) , p. 323.
Sulphur makes^ steel^ non-homogeneous
and diminishes its elongation.^ P^ does
not diminish^ the^ elongation^ and^ increases
the breaking strength.
1879 Williams, S. President’s^ Address,^ Jour.^ Iron^ and^ Steel
Institute, (^) p. 8,
States that the first Bessemer rail
contained -0.4464^ F. "quantity that
would frighten us in these days" but
carbon and silicon were almost absent.
1880 Mushet., R. F.. The Dephosphor i zat i on of Iron, Jour. Iren
and Steel Institute, (^) JL (^) , o. 229.
A summary of the literature on this
subject to date, showing the desire
to eliminate the P and belief of its
injurious effect.
r- ’ •. - *
I860 Riley, E. Discussion: The dephosphor i zat i on of iron,
Jour. Iron and Steel Inst. o. 571.
Says some of the h-st ste°l rails con-
tain from 0.10 to 0.184 S. Rails con-
taining 0.274 S had stood all mechani-
cal tests. (^).
1882 Muller, F.C.G. Properties of Ste'£ 1 in Relatiori to Its Chemi-
cal (^) Composition, Abstract,. Jour. Iron and Steel (^) Institute, to. (^) 371.
Phosphorus, ever since its discovery in
iron, has been recognized as an enemy
‘ of steel. In large quantities it pro-
duces cold shortness. Gives experimental
results of comparative properties of
- (^).. carbon (^) and phosphorus steels. Considers
that if sulfur is below 24 it is not
detrimental to the quality of steel.
-n
Wasum, (^) A. Copper and Sulfur in Steel-, Stahl und^ Eiser, :2, p.^.^ :^.
Considers 0.104 S as perfectly^ innocuous
. , .and^ :0h^ 1:5'^ or;/^0.^16 as^ the^ limit^ at^ which
red; sh.Qrthu.ss^ may^ be^ expected
.
Editorial . The Rolling Qualities^ of^ High^ Phosphorus
Steel, Iron Ago, (^) 36, No. (^) 3, o*^ 1.
... St eel^ of 0.318^ .P,^ 0.10^ C,^ and^ 0.047^ S
rolled very well. Experiments at Edgar
Thomson St eel Works *
'
Howe., , H-. M-. Sul fur.f ine^ St eel- Rails^ , Engineering^ and.^ Min-
.^ •^ ing^ :^ Journal^ ,^43 ,^ p.^ 459.
. of 'srr :^ ice^ Sulfur^ makes^ iron^ brittle^ at^ red^ heat
.e ; and' destroys its welding power. Gives
ojjv .compositions of^ rails.^ Says^ rails^ with
. .;:,>^ :j -^ i r : sul f ur eont ent above 0.184 are very rare.
Baker, M. File Steel, Abstract, Journal of Iron and
t -^ .Steel^ Inst^ ituteyaR,^.^ p.^ 374.-^ -^ ug:^0 ;:’:
The value ofltool steel varies inversely
with the phosphorus content, which should
- (^) : ynever iexeeed.' 0.04 percent P.
Dudley, C.B. The fear of Metal as Influenced by Its
Chemical and Physical Properties, Jour.
Iron .and ..Stledl Inst itut e, • 2-, p.'^ -250.
.^ :^ /r^ -^ Finds^ , 'in general^ , high P.^ content
is bad for. wearing qual iti.es
.
Sandberg, C. P. Rall-s, Institut ion of Mechanical Engineers
Proc (^). p. 301
.
Rails should be as .hard as is consistent
with safety. Gives composition of Rus-.
sian rails. Good ones •^ had -^0 ; 114 F. while
poor had^ 0.194^ P.^ Si should be low when
P and (^) C are high.
Stead, J.E. On the Elimination of Sulfur from Iron,
Jour. (^) Iron and Steel Institute, (^) 2, p. 223;
Engi neer ing 'and: ..Mining Journal 54 p. 364
1892; 55, pi 595, 1893.
Discusses how S gets into Pig iron, the
effect of puddling, and its elimination
by various processes.
1896 Thompson, F.E. Sulfur in^ Mild^ Steel,^ Jour.^ Iron^ and^ Steel i^ ' Inst. (^) 49_ (l). p. 450; Iron Age, (^) 57, p.^ 810,
. ' The- writer first briefly reviews pre-
vious investigations^ and^ then^ shows
.... the treatment of S in the^ basic^ con-
verter, and in basic open^ hearth^ furnace
giving a large number^ of^ analyses,^ test
and other data. •^.
1896 von Dormus,A.R. Why do Rails Break?^ Railway^ Magazine,
Discussion of chemical physical^ and.
.. etching tests, urging the^ importance
of the last named. The great^ diffor-
shoes in 'Strength are attributed to
, segregations^ in^ the^ ingots^ and^ th'^ r
. suggestion, is. made that main track
rails be selected from the lower 2/
of rolled beams only,
1896 Campbell, E.D. On the Diffusion of Sulphides Through Steely
American Chemical Journal, 1_8, p. 707.
Describes exoeriments selected from
40. diffusion tests, giving possible
explanation of observed Phenomena.
: :: n Since' the okysulphide of iron at a
high temperature is an extremely mo-
- bile fluid.., it will rapidly diffuse "through the. cores of the steel (^) and be
absorbed by the lining.
1896 Campbell, E.D. On the Influence of Heat Treatment and
Babcock, C.S. :. Carbon Upon the Solubility • 6f Phosphorus
... in Steels, American Chemical Journal,
18, p.^ 719.
With very’ low percentage of carbon,
the effect -of heat treatment upon
the solubility of P. is slight. With
increase of C. the effect of harden-
ing is to diminish the solubility, of.
P. With high percentage *of -C. the
solubility is’ increased by slow cool-
- • (^) ink*. •^ - (^) t^ -^7 -
1897 Cunningham,^ A.C. The^ Relation^ of^ Tensile^ Strength^ to
Composition in Structural Steel, Papers
American Society^ of Civil Engineers,^ 23,
p. 232.
A brief account of notable investi-
gations made of late years^ with the
conclusions of^ Mr.^ H. H. Campbell
with rule adopted by the author.
1897 Landis, H.K. Tensile Strength of Steel, American
Manufacturing and Iron World, July 30,
Discusses- the influences that affect
the strength of steel, and Presents
equations-, the -result s of a large number of tests.
(^1397) Rhead, S.L
.
The Occurence of Sulfur in Iron. Its Intro
duction and Removal, American Manufactur-
er and Iron World, April 2.
Deals mainly with a mass of^ evidence
accumulated by many workers and as
far as possible reduces it to order.
1898 Moxham, A. J. Composition of Steel Rails to Insure
Maximum Resistance to Wear, Engineering
. News,^ 40, p. 180.
Desiderata for street railway rails.
From his tests he concludes it is
justifiable to pay extra for^ low^ F
rails but adds 11 there is some doubt
after all as to the advantages to
be gained from the use of low P steel"
1898 von Dormus,A.R. Weitere Studien uber Schienenstahl Zeit-
1893 Webster, (^) W.R.
sche. d, Oast en Ing. u.Arch.Ver. 50, p.665.
A very full investigation into the
use of basic open-hearth steel for
rails, with data and results of^ tests,
micrographs of etched sections and
diagrams of behavior in service.
The Relations Between the Chemical Con-
stitution and the Physical Character of
Steel, (^) Trans. A.I.M.E. 28, p. 613.
1301 Arnold,^ J.^ 0.^ The^ Properties^ of^ Steel^ Castings,^ Journal
Iron and^ Steel^ Institute,^ 5_3, o.^ 175.
Cause of "brittleness in a steel^ cast-
ing was found to be^ brown^ lines^ running
through the ferrite, made^ up of sulphide
1301 Ericka The Quality of Steel^ for^ Rails,^ Engineering
News. (^) 45, p. 173.
A discussion^ of^ the^ relative^ importance
of chemical specifications for European
rails
.
1301 Pay, Henry Segregation of Phosphorus in a Piece of Cold
Rolled Shafting, Met all ographi st , 4, p.115.
An illustrated report of an examination,
microscopically and chemically of a
broken shaft showing an interesting case
of segregation.
1901 Jahlberg, Alex. Er.inell’s Method of Determining Hardness
and Other Properties of Iron and Steel,
Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 60, (2),
p.
.
Steel containing .56^ Sulfur along
with 1.06^ manganese can be easily
rolled and the mechanical properties
of this metal when tested in the direc-
tion of rolling are at least eoual to
those of a steel with about the same
carbon content but containing low
sulfur. (^) A 0.15-"^^ sulfur steal gave
best results on impact tests.
1902 Andrews, T. Effect of Segregation on the Strength of
Steel Rails, Iron and Coal Trades Review, 6
5
, p.^ 1156.
Investigations showing the extent of
segregation of combined carbon and
other elements, the effect, giving
typical examples. (^) S. and P. (^) appear
to have the greatest tendency to segre-
gation.
1902 Hought on , S. A^. The Internal Structure of^ Iron^ and^ Stool
With Special Reference to Defective. Mater-.
- (^) ial (^) # Mot allograph! st 4', (^) p. 256.
Shows that chemical^ analysis^ is^ not
all that^ is^ needed^ in^ determining^ the
- • • quality of metals, and that an examina- tion of the structure is of (^). great im- portance. .Considers the causes of failure.
1902 Job, R. Steel Rails Relation Between Structure"^ and
Durability, Journal Franklin^ Institute
,
p. 17.
A report^ of^ investigations^ to^ determine
qualities which resulted in fractures,
or in rapid wear in service and to find
- (^) the means' to reduce these to a minimum.
Mentions variation of chemical composi-
tion in both good and bad rails.
1903 Arnold, J.O. The Influence, of. Sulphur and Manganese on
Waterhouse ,G.B. Iron, Journal of Iron and 3t ."/l Institute,
63_, t).^ l3S;^ Iron^ and^ Coal^ Trades^ Review, 66, p. 1275.
The sulphide of iron is deadly in its
effect upon, steel^ while the^ sulphide
of manganese is comparatively harmless.
Discussion
.
1904 Campbell ,H.H. The Influence of Carbon , Phosphorus , Man-
1905 ganese 'and Sulphur on the Tensile Strength
of Open Hearth Steel,., Journal of Iron and
Steel Institute. 665, p. 21,‘ 1904-11; Revue
de Metallurgie 2 bis , p. 77.
Gives an account of investigations made
at the works of the Pennsylvania Steel
Co., Stulton, Pa. P increases tensile
strength of steels while S. weakens it
to (^) a slight' extent in acid steel but
strengthens it to a slight extent in
basic, steel.
1904 Churchill, C. S. Report of Committee IV. Rail Discussion, '
'
American Railway Engineering (^) Association, 5, p.^ 478.
He says "I have kept record of the
breaking of rails on our road and for
several (^) years. (^) In no case have (^) I
found a broken rail due to the chemical
analysis ,
"
1905 Konkeline,^ K.^ Le^ Phosphore^ dit^ Misible,^ Revue^ dc^ Metal
lurgie, 2 bis^ p.^ 256.
1905 Longmuir,^ P.^ •^ Steel^ Castings^ and^ the^ Constitution^ of
Steel, Foundry, (^) _27, p. 72.
On the effect^ of^ carbon,^ Mn.,^ Si.,^ S. and P
.
1905 Thomas, F.M. Properties^ of^ Steel,^ Mechanical^ Engineer
Is, (^) p. 3o
.
Con s id ers the^ properties^ of^. ccfcnpr^ cia.l
steels and the effects produced by
various modifications in chemical com-
position and treatment.
1907 Houdard . Solubilite du Carbone dans le Sulfur^ e^ de
Manganese, 'Revue^ -de^ Metallurerie^ , 4 bis.
p. 657.
1907 Howe, H.M. Behavior of C and P in Steel, Engineering
and Mining Journal, 83_, p. 1087.
- A discussion of J. E. Steads 1 explanation
of the banding of carbon and phosphorus
and the theory^ of^ incompatibility.
1907 Howe, H.M. Does the Removal of Sulfur and Phosphorus
Lessen the Segregation of Carbon? Proc.
of Am. Soc. Test. Materials. 7., p. 75.
Presents data from a hundred cases of
segregation. Finds no evidence to
show that either low sulfur or low
phosphorus content tends to restrain
segregation but rather it seems to
aggravate that segregation.
1907 Law, E. F. The Won-Metallic Impurities in Steel,
Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, 74 ,
p.94.
Gives results of observations consider-
ing sulfide (^) of iron ,'^ sulfide of Mn. etc.
discussing their effects." Manganese sul-
fide seems less injurious than other ele-
ments. If, however, it segregates it may
have a very injurious effect on the steel.
Coes, H. V. -Steel^ Rail^ Breakages,^ Questions^ of^ Resign
and Specifications, Engineering Magazine,
35, p.^ 417.
A comparison^ of^ views^ of^ maker^ and'
consumer as to the causes. The^ con-
tentions seem^ to "be^ as^ to^ the^ P.^ and
the shape of rail section. "There is nd doubt that the P. content must
"be decreased as the C._ increases in
order to prevent "brittleness^ in the rails
.
11
de Kryloff ,M.J. Contribution a 1’ Etude des Aciers Phos-
phoseux, Revue de Metal. 5_, p. 355.
A met^ allographi^ c^ study^ of^ the^ effects
of various amounts of F on the crocer-
t i es of. steel
.
Fay, Henry Manganese Sulphide as a Source of Danger,
Engineering News, 60, o.^ 94,^.
On examining ' some failed rails, he
found manganese sul chide in a segregated
form. To eliminate it, the sulphur con-
tent must be low. Also, if the metal
is allowed to stand a longer time after
the addition of f erro-manganese , this
sulph.ide will rise and may be skimmed
o'ff.
Levy, D.M. Iron, Carbon and Sulfur, Journal of Iron
and St.eel Institute, (^) 77., p. 33.
Reports of a research made to investi-
gate the action of S as it affected the
relations of iron and carbon. A com-
prehensive review of previous work.
Gives Bibliography.
Saklatwalla , B . Constitution of Iron. and Phosphorus Com-
pounds, Journal Iron and Steel Institute,
77, p.^ 92.
A cqmplete thermal and met all ogr a phi c in-
vestigation of the subject.
»
Rail Failure^ Statistics^ for^ Year^ Ending
October 31, American Railway Engineering
Association, 13 , P.-613, 1912.
Tabulation showed large differences
sufficient to overcome differences
in rail sections. Comparison Besse-
mer vs open-hearth rails.
The Iron^ Phosphorus^ System,^ Zeitschr. fur
anor'g, Chem.^ 66, o.^ 209.
The cooling curv-s of 30 alloys
of iron and ohosohorus wer^ investi-
gated. P varied from l/2^ to 2l4>.
The existence of FejP and r^ Fegp is '
.
confirmed
.
The Influence^ of Manganese Sulphide on
Iron and Steel, Iron Trade Review, (^) 43, p. 433.
Gives results of investigation on
the presence of manganese sulphide.
Does not always exist cure. Recom^
mends an excess of Mn
.
Liesching, Theodor . Uber den Sinfluss des Schwefel auf
das System Ei sen-Kohlenst of f , Metal-
lurgie 7_, o. 535.
The freezing' point is lowered with
higher sulfur content while the
pearlite ooint remains stationary
at 700: degrees.
Churchill," C.S. Droo Tests on Rails, American Railway
Engineering Association, 12-2 , p.188.
Statement of drop tests and chemi-
cal analyses of rails rolled for
the Norfolk and Western. Gives
results of various heights of rails
of known composition and a comoari-
son of rail analysis with mill analy-
sis.
Coroner, Report by, Rail Failur e-Lehigh Valley
Wreck, Manchester, N. Y., Iron Trade
Review, (^) 49, p. 1103.
Cushing, W. C.
Konst anti^ now,^ N.
Levy, (^) D. M.
Describes the history of the "A” open
hearth rail and how it broke^.^ Says
ra.il contained^ a^ Pipe^ and^ a^ transverse
fissure. Was cause of a. wreck. Profes
sor Touceda rna.de a chemical analysis
and found all elements O.X. except
manganese which was 1.21 per^ cunt, so'
high as to cause cold shortness under
impact.
Cushing, W.C. A Study of 40 Failed Rails, American Rail-
way Engineering Association, 1 2-2, p.230.
A report of examination of 40 failed
rails, mostly Bessemer- which failed
in the main tracks of the S.W. system
of the P en n (^) s.y 1 v an i a^. I nd i cates t h^ a
f
failures classified as crushed and
split heads were confined mostly to
rails of segregated met^l from the
upper part of the ingot,
Cushing, W.C. A Study of 68 Failed Rails, American Rail-
way Engineering Association, 13-2^ , p.393.
Show split heads usually occur in
segregated, metal. The type "’broken 1 '
rail in a large proportion of ces^s
showed metal satisfactory on analy-
sis (^) and tensile (^) tests and the (^) work,
did not bring out the- caus-e of failure
Dudley, P.H. Ductility in Rail Steel, Railway and
Engineering Review. 51 ,^ *p.^ 304.
Discusses the effects of the differ-
ent constituents of iron, temperature,
etc. P. reduces the capacity of the
metal to distribute rapid strains or
those of large magnitude before frac-
ture occurs. (^) Sulphur is an impurity
and renders the metal cold short.
Wickhorst, M,H. Investigation of a Split Hoad Rail, Ameri-
can Railway • Engineering Association. 12-2,
p. 439.
Results of examination of a split
head rail by means of analyses, ten-
sile tests, microscopic tests and
numerous sections.
'G.ive.s. tabulated data with references
1 to^ the,-^ chemical^ contents^ of^ rails
rolled up to ‘the present time, with
conclusions.
Trimble ..and • .. A., Study of V?. Good Service Rails >^ ' Ameri-
Cushing can Railway .’Engineering Association, 13 ,
' p. 573. :
The* results givenof the laboratory
.examination of some rails that had Teen in .service a^ long time. Anal^ yd
ses , tensile tests and microphotos.
... ..... , (^). y/hi 1 e^ most'^ of ;the r^ a^ i Is^. eh^ owed^ good
laboratory results, some were rather
hi (^) gh i (^) n -php s oh (^) o ru s
.
Influence of Sulfur on the Stability of
I non.^ tarbide-^ in:^ the^ Pres^ shoe^ of^ Silicon,
•Journal of Iron and Steel Institute ,
,
Q (^1) [^ ^^ -
. Sulfur increases the stability of
T ... i:^ t^ oh*,^ carbide^ at^ high^ temperatures.
Silicon and manganese neutralize
the influence, of sulfur. (^) n
Uber "s6hwef elhaltige Einschliisoe in
St ah’. 1 -Journal der^ russ. Met.^ Ges. pi 514.
Thd sulfur^ content^ seoaratep^ out
i ...room^ lid^ quid^ steel^ by^ crystallization.
Iv 'is Tnly r cluble in the liquid and
i.'Xt in the solid stueTJ.'
Supplementary Fetes on the Forms in Which
Sulphides, may Exist in Steel Ingots,
Iron •^ and... St e T Institute, p. 271
Ed sous^ sos^ of^ f^ oot^ of A1 on^ segregation
Hatfield, W.H.- Phosphorus in Iron and Steel, Engineer,
p. 120, 1916., p,-335; 'Iron.^ Age^ -96 (^) , p.1234;
Journal of Iron and Steel Inst itut e , 92
,
p. 122. Concludes., 0
.
20 % P may be present in
' certain -alloys wuthout unduly modi-
fying ‘the physical properties of the
heat treated materials.
Arnold , J.
.
Bolsover ,G .R.
Hatfield, W.H.^0
’
Steinberg
1918 Johnson, J.E.Jr. Recent^ Developments^ in^ Cast^ Iron^ Ma.'v
ture, Journal Franklin Institute,^ 179,
p. (^) 59, 171.
Deals with recent developments in if:
manufacture of cast iron ^nd discuss
the effects of various elements on t
properties of cast iron.^ Sulfur^ is
the most troublesome element^ in the
metallurgy of steel^ while^ P^ increase
the fluidity of cast iron and its
effect up to 0.404 seems to increase
the strength.
1915 Pitman, R.A. Elowholes and Sulfur, Foundry 43_, p.95.
Poor pouring and not the^3 content
is to blame^ for^ blowholes.
1915 Schipper (^) , J. E
.
Steel: (^) Its Pathology, Automobile, (^) 52, o,
Deals with composition, Iron, carbon
manganese and other impurities alw^
present. Lists S as a "strength s:
:
and P (^) as a "weak (^) link."
1915 Stead, (^) J.E. Iron, Carbon and Phosphorus, Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, (^) 91, p. 140
.
Deals with the distribution of P in
steel and the mechanical properties
of phosphor it i c-carbon steels and
new methods for detecting variations
of P in iron and steel.
(^1915) Thompson, (^) A. W.T
.
Gagging Rails and Transverse Fissures,
Railway Age Gazette 59, p.887.
Does not think transverse fissures
are caused by gagging for these
fissures are seldom found except
in open hearth low phosphorus high
carbon Bessemer rails.
1915 Wickhorst, M.H. Failur es-Rai 1 for,- American Railway
Engineering Association, 18_, p. 923,1917.
Statistics for 1915 covering open
hearth versus Bessemer, comparing
causes, comparing mills.
