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effect of sulphur and phosphorus on iron and steel, Summaries of Engineering

Desiderata for street railway rails. From his tests he concludes it is justifiable to pay extra for low F rails but adds 11 there is some doubt.

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MuL :LTQ
vill-Oi
DEPARTMENT OF ‘COMMERCE
EUR "AU OF ST AN DARI
S
washi^gSRn
Letter
Circ ular
241
January 30, 1920.
(Revised January 27, 1923)
iCr vtr
EFFECT OF SULPHUR AtTO PHOSPHORUS O'T IROi AUD >7 VT
.
Bell, I. L. Chemical Phenomena .of Iron Smelting, Con-
cluMons^ Journal of Iron and Steel Insti-
tute., i, p. 88..
Refers to Bessemer process as freeing
iron of nearly all impurities hut P.
and perhaps this will he accomplished.
1372 Pearse, J. B. The Manufacture of Iron and Steel Rails,
.... ... Trans. A.I.M.S. 1, p. 162.
Aconsideration of the important
qualities of steel and the proper tests
to Show their uniformity. Pand Mn pro
duce brittle rails. In fact, no good
steel has ever been made with more than
0.21- p
,
Fell, I. L. President's address at annual meeting o~
Iron and Steel Institute* Journal o-1-’ Iron
and Steel Institute. 1, p. 1,
States that. Cand ?can he combined
with iron' but M. Surer te of Torrenoire
has raised the nuestion whether it is
not the concurrent presence of these
elements which exercise, so. fatal an
effect, on the duality 'of steel.
This French metallurgist does not be-
lieve the ‘presence of phosphorus in
moderate quantities will interfere with
the malleability of wrought iron. On
p. 28, idem, he says silicon, Phosphor-
us and sulphur injure the metal.
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MuL :LTQ vill-Oi

DEPARTMENT OF ‘COMMERCE

EUR "AU^ OF^ ST AN^ DARI

S

washi^gSRn

Letter Circ ular 241

January 30, 1920.

(Revised January 27, 1923)

iCr (^) vtr

EFFECT OF SULPHUR AtTO PHOSPHORUS O'T IROi^ AUD >7^ VT

.

Bell, I. L. Chemical^ Phenomena^ .of^ Iron^ Smelting,^ Con-

cluMons^ Journal of Iron and Steel Insti- tute., i,^ p.^ 88..

Refers to Bessemer process as freeing

iron of nearly all impurities hut P.

and perhaps this will he accomplished.

1372 Pearse, J. B. The Manufacture of Iron and Steel Rails,

.... ... Trans. A.I.M.S. (^) 1, p. 162.

A consideration of^ the^ important

qualities of steel and the proper tests

to Show their uniformity. P and Mn pro

duce brittle rails. In fact, no good

steel has ever been made with more than

0.21- p

,

Fell, I. L. President's address at annual meeting o~

Iron and Steel Institute* Journal o-^1 -’^ Iron and Steel Institute. (^) 1, p. 1,

  • States that. C and? can he^ combined

with iron' but M. Surer te of Torrenoire

has raised the^ nuestion whether it is

not the concurrent presence of these

elements which exercise, so. fatal an

effect, on the duality 'of steel.

This French metallurgist does not be-

lieve the ‘presence of phosphorus in

moderate quantities will interfere with

the malleability of wrought iron. On

p. (^) 28, idem, he says silicon, Phosphor- us and sulphur injure the metal.

1374 Raymond,^ R.^ W.^ Phosphorus^ and^ Carbon^ in^ Iron^ and^ Steely

Trans. A.I.M.E., (^) 3_, p. 131,

Introducing data^ to^ show^ that^ F^ may

he increased without injury to steel

if the amount of C is pr ooort ionately

decreased and that this fact has been

known for some time.

1376 Dyer,^ B. Chemical^ Analysis^ Considered^ in^ Its^ Appli-

cation. to Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Jour, of Iron and. Steel Institute, O.507.

Abstract. Touch is^ upon^ the^ influence

of minute^ proportions^ of^ F^1 S uoon

.^ the^ quality^ of iron^ and^ steel.

1877 Siemens, Dr. President's Address, -^ Journal of Iron

and Steel Institute, (^) p. 6,

The ' use ' of ‘ Mn without C neutralizes

the objectionable F so long as the

.latter does (^) .not exceed 0.25^. This

metal in which P takes the olace of

C is extremely ductile when cold.

1878 Adamson, D. On the Mechanical and Other Properties of

Iron and Steel, Journal of Iron and Steel

Institute, (^) p..

.

Concludes that a higher endurance of

drifting test is secured by the lowest

amount of S and P. Hot bend tests

also depend on absence of S. while

the? (^) .must also be low.

1878 Bell, I. L. On the Separation of Phosphorus from Pig

Iron, Journal of Iron and Steel Institute,

p. 17.

"The- weakening effect of phosohorus

on the quality (^) of iron or sh -el con-

taining this ‘substance has been ack-

nowledged for many years." In the

discussion, Mr. Edward Riley said he

examined some steel rails which con-

tained 0.242 (^) percent ?. and 0.34 per-

1879 Deshay es, V.^ Note^ sur^ las^ Raports^ Exist^ ant^ entre^ la

Composition Chimique^ et^ les^ Proprietes

Mechaniques des Aciers. Annales des Mines,

(^15) , p. 323.

Sulphur makes^ steel^ non-homogeneous

and diminishes its elongation.^ P^ does

not diminish^ the^ elongation^ and^ increases

the breaking strength.

1879 Williams, S. President’s^ Address,^ Jour.^ Iron^ and^ Steel

Institute, (^) p. 8,

States that the first Bessemer rail

contained -0.4464^ F. "quantity that

would frighten us in these days" but

carbon and silicon were almost absent.

1880 Mushet., R. F.. The Dephosphor i zat i on of Iron, Jour. Iren

and Steel Institute, (^) JL (^) , o. 229.

A summary of the literature on this

subject to date, showing the desire

to eliminate the P and belief of its

injurious effect.

r- ’ •. - *

I860 Riley, E. Discussion: The dephosphor i zat i on of iron,

Jour. Iron and Steel Inst. o. 571.

Says some of the h-st ste°l rails con-

tain from 0.10 to 0.184 S. Rails con-

taining 0.274 S had stood all mechani-

cal tests. (^).

1882 Muller, F.C.G. Properties of Ste'£ 1 in Relatiori to Its Chemi-

cal (^) Composition, Abstract,. Jour. Iron and Steel (^) Institute, to. (^) 371.

Phosphorus, ever since its discovery in

iron, has been recognized as an enemy

‘ of steel. In large quantities it pro-

duces cold shortness. Gives experimental

results of comparative properties of

  • (^).. carbon (^) and phosphorus steels. Considers

that if sulfur is below 24 it is not

detrimental to the quality of steel.

-n

Wasum, (^) A. Copper and Sulfur in Steel-, Stahl und^ Eiser, :2, p.^.^ :^.

Considers 0.104 S as perfectly^ innocuous

. , .and^ :0h^ 1:5'^ or;/^0.^16 as^ the^ limit^ at^ which

red; sh.Qrthu.ss^ may^ be^ expected

.

Editorial . The Rolling Qualities^ of^ High^ Phosphorus

Steel, Iron Ago, (^) 36, No. (^) 3, o*^ 1.

... St eel^ of 0.318^ .P,^ 0.10^ C,^ and^ 0.047^ S

rolled very well. Experiments at Edgar

Thomson St eel Works *

'

Howe., , H-. M-. Sul fur.f ine^ St eel- Rails^ , Engineering^ and.^ Min-

.^ •^ ing^ :^ Journal^ ,^43 ,^ p.^ 459.

. of 'srr :^ ice^ Sulfur^ makes^ iron^ brittle^ at^ red^ heat

.e ; and' destroys its welding power. Gives

ojjv .compositions of^ rails.^ Says^ rails^ with

. .;:,>^ :j -^ i r : sul f ur eont ent above 0.184 are very rare.

Baker, M. File Steel, Abstract, Journal of Iron and

t -^ .Steel^ Inst^ ituteyaR,^.^ p.^ 374.-^ -^ ug:^0 ;:’:

The value ofltool steel varies inversely

with the phosphorus content, which should

  • (^) : ynever iexeeed.' 0.04 percent P.

Dudley, C.B. The fear of Metal as Influenced by Its

Chemical and Physical Properties, Jour.

Iron .and ..Stledl Inst itut e, • 2-, p.'^ -250.

.^ :^ /r^ -^ Finds^ , 'in general^ , high P.^ content

is bad for. wearing qual iti.es

.

Sandberg, C. P. Rall-s, Institut ion of Mechanical Engineers

Proc (^). p. 301

.

Rails should be as .hard as is consistent

with safety. Gives composition of Rus-.

sian rails. Good ones •^ had -^0 ; 114 F. while

poor had^ 0.194^ P.^ Si should be low when

P and (^) C are high.

Stead, J.E. On the Elimination of Sulfur from Iron,

Jour. (^) Iron and Steel Institute, (^) 2, p. 223;

Engi neer ing 'and: ..Mining Journal 54 p. 364

1892; 55, pi 595, 1893.

Discusses how S gets into Pig iron, the

effect of puddling, and its elimination

by various processes.

1896 Thompson, F.E. Sulfur in^ Mild^ Steel,^ Jour.^ Iron^ and^ Steel i^ ' Inst. (^) 49_ (l). p. 450; Iron Age, (^) 57, p.^ 810,

. ' The- writer first briefly reviews pre-

vious investigations^ and^ then^ shows

.... the treatment of S in the^ basic^ con-

verter, and in basic open^ hearth^ furnace

giving a large number^ of^ analyses,^ test

and other data. •^.

1896 von Dormus,A.R. Why do Rails Break?^ Railway^ Magazine,

  • May 8.

Discussion of chemical physical^ and.

.. etching tests, urging the^ importance

of the last named. The great^ diffor-

shoes in 'Strength are attributed to

, segregations^ in^ the^ ingots^ and^ th'^ r

. suggestion, is. made that main track

rails be selected from the lower 2/

of rolled beams only,

1896 Campbell, E.D. On the Diffusion of Sulphides Through Steely

American Chemical Journal, 1_8, p. 707.

Describes exoeriments selected from

40. diffusion tests, giving possible

explanation of observed Phenomena.

: :: n Since' the okysulphide of iron at a

high temperature is an extremely mo-

  • bile fluid.., it will rapidly diffuse "through the. cores of the steel (^) and be

absorbed by the lining.

1896 Campbell, E.D. On the Influence of Heat Treatment and

Babcock, C.S. :. Carbon Upon the Solubility • 6f Phosphorus

... in Steels, American Chemical Journal,

18, p.^ 719.

With very’ low percentage of carbon,

the effect -of heat treatment upon

the solubility of P. is slight. With

increase of C. the effect of harden-

ing is to diminish the solubility, of.

P. With high percentage *of -C. the

solubility is’ increased by slow cool-

  • • (^) ink*. •^ - (^) t^ -^7 -

1897 Cunningham,^ A.C. The^ Relation^ of^ Tensile^ Strength^ to

Composition in Structural Steel, Papers

American Society^ of Civil Engineers,^ 23,

p. 232.

A brief account of notable investi-

gations made of late years^ with the

conclusions of^ Mr.^ H. H. Campbell

with rule adopted by the author.

1897 Landis, H.K. Tensile Strength of Steel, American

Manufacturing and Iron World, July 30,

Discusses- the influences that affect

the strength of steel, and Presents

equations-, the -result s of a large number of tests.

(^1397) Rhead, S.L

.

The Occurence of Sulfur in Iron. Its Intro

duction and Removal, American Manufactur-

er and Iron World, April 2.

Deals mainly with a mass of^ evidence

accumulated by many workers and as

far as possible reduces it to order.

1898 Moxham, A. J. Composition of Steel Rails to Insure

Maximum Resistance to Wear, Engineering

. News,^ 40, p. 180.

Desiderata for street railway rails.

From his tests he concludes it is

justifiable to pay extra for^ low^ F

rails but adds 11 there is some doubt

after all as to the advantages to

be gained from the use of low P steel"

1898 von Dormus,A.R. Weitere Studien uber Schienenstahl Zeit-

1893 Webster, (^) W.R.

sche. d, Oast en Ing. u.Arch.Ver. 50, p.665.

A very full investigation into the

use of basic open-hearth steel for

rails, with data and results of^ tests,

micrographs of etched sections and

diagrams of behavior in service.

The Relations Between the Chemical Con-

stitution and the Physical Character of

Steel, (^) Trans. A.I.M.E. 28, p. 613.

1301 Arnold,^ J.^ 0.^ The^ Properties^ of^ Steel^ Castings,^ Journal

Iron and^ Steel^ Institute,^ 5_3, o.^ 175.

Cause of "brittleness in a steel^ cast-

ing was found to be^ brown^ lines^ running

through the ferrite, made^ up of sulphide

1301 Ericka The Quality of Steel^ for^ Rails,^ Engineering

News. (^) 45, p. 173.

A discussion^ of^ the^ relative^ importance

of chemical specifications for European

rails

.

1301 Pay, Henry Segregation of Phosphorus in a Piece of Cold

Rolled Shafting, Met all ographi st , 4, p.115.

An illustrated report of an examination,

microscopically and chemically of a

broken shaft showing an interesting case

of segregation.

1901 Jahlberg, Alex. Er.inell’s Method of Determining Hardness

and Other Properties of Iron and Steel,

Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 60, (2),

p.

.

Steel containing .56^ Sulfur along

with 1.06^ manganese can be easily

rolled and the mechanical properties

of this metal when tested in the direc-

tion of rolling are at least eoual to

those of a steel with about the same

carbon content but containing low

sulfur. (^) A 0.15-"^^ sulfur steal gave

best results on impact tests.

1902 Andrews, T. Effect of Segregation on the Strength of

Steel Rails, Iron and Coal Trades Review, 6

5

, p.^ 1156.

Investigations showing the extent of

segregation of combined carbon and

other elements, the effect, giving

typical examples. (^) S. and P. (^) appear

to have the greatest tendency to segre-

gation.

  • (^11) -

1902 Hought on , S. A^. The Internal Structure of^ Iron^ and^ Stool

With Special Reference to Defective. Mater-.

  • (^) ial (^) # Mot allograph! st 4', (^) p. 256.

Shows that chemical^ analysis^ is^ not

all that^ is^ needed^ in^ determining^ the

  • • • quality of metals, and that an examina- tion of the structure is of (^). great im- portance. .Considers the causes of failure.

1902 Job, R. Steel Rails Relation Between Structure"^ and

Durability, Journal Franklin^ Institute

,

p. 17.

A report^ of^ investigations^ to^ determine

qualities which resulted in fractures,

or in rapid wear in service and to find

  • (^) the means' to reduce these to a minimum.

Mentions variation of chemical composi-

tion in both good and bad rails.

1903 Arnold, J.O. The Influence, of. Sulphur and Manganese on

Waterhouse ,G.B. Iron, Journal of Iron and 3t ."/l Institute,

63_, t).^ l3S;^ Iron^ and^ Coal^ Trades^ Review, 66, p. 1275.

The sulphide of iron is deadly in its

effect upon, steel^ while the^ sulphide

of manganese is comparatively harmless.

Discussion

.

1904 Campbell ,H.H. The Influence of Carbon , Phosphorus , Man-

1905 ganese 'and Sulphur on the Tensile Strength

of Open Hearth Steel,., Journal of Iron and

Steel Institute. 665, p. 21,‘ 1904-11; Revue

de Metallurgie 2 bis , p. 77.

Gives an account of investigations made

at the works of the Pennsylvania Steel

Co., Stulton, Pa. P increases tensile

strength of steels while S. weakens it

to (^) a slight' extent in acid steel but

strengthens it to a slight extent in

basic, steel.

1904 Churchill, C. S. Report of Committee IV. Rail Discussion, '

'

American Railway Engineering (^) Association, 5, p.^ 478.

He says "I have kept record of the

breaking of rails on our road and for

several (^) years. (^) In no case have (^) I

found a broken rail due to the chemical

analysis ,

"

1905 Konkeline,^ K.^ Le^ Phosphore^ dit^ Misible,^ Revue^ dc^ Metal

lurgie, 2 bis^ p.^ 256.

1905 Longmuir,^ P.^ •^ Steel^ Castings^ and^ the^ Constitution^ of

Steel, Foundry, (^) _27, p. 72.

On the effect^ of^ carbon,^ Mn.,^ Si.,^ S. and P

.

1905 Thomas, F.M. Properties^ of^ Steel,^ Mechanical^ Engineer

Is, (^) p. 3o

.

Con s id ers the^ properties^ of^. ccfcnpr^ cia.l

steels and the effects produced by

various modifications in chemical com-

position and treatment.

1907 Houdard . Solubilite du Carbone dans le Sulfur^ e^ de

Manganese, 'Revue^ -de^ Metallurerie^ , 4 bis.

p. 657.

1907 Howe, H.M. Behavior of C and P in Steel, Engineering

and Mining Journal, 83_, p. 1087.

  • A discussion of J. E. Steads 1 explanation

of the banding of carbon and phosphorus

and the theory^ of^ incompatibility.

1907 Howe, H.M. Does the Removal of Sulfur and Phosphorus

Lessen the Segregation of Carbon? Proc.

of Am. Soc. Test. Materials. 7., p. 75.

Presents data from a hundred cases of

segregation. Finds no evidence to

show that either low sulfur or low

phosphorus content tends to restrain

segregation but rather it seems to

aggravate that segregation.

1907 Law, E. F. The Won-Metallic Impurities in Steel,

Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, 74 ,

p.94.

Gives results of observations consider-

ing sulfide (^) of iron ,'^ sulfide of Mn. etc.

discussing their effects." Manganese sul-

fide seems less injurious than other ele-

ments. If, however, it segregates it may

have a very injurious effect on the steel.

Coes, H. V. -Steel^ Rail^ Breakages,^ Questions^ of^ Resign

and Specifications, Engineering Magazine,

35, p.^ 417.

A comparison^ of^ views^ of^ maker^ and'

consumer as to the causes. The^ con-

tentions seem^ to "be^ as^ to^ the^ P.^ and

the shape of rail section. "There is nd doubt that the P. content must

"be decreased as the C._ increases in

order to prevent "brittleness^ in the rails

.

11

de Kryloff ,M.J. Contribution a 1’ Etude des Aciers Phos-

phoseux, Revue de Metal. 5_, p. 355.

A met^ allographi^ c^ study^ of^ the^ effects

of various amounts of F on the crocer-

t i es of. steel

.

Fay, Henry Manganese Sulphide as a Source of Danger,

Engineering News, 60, o.^ 94,^.

On examining ' some failed rails, he

found manganese sul chide in a segregated

form. To eliminate it, the sulphur con-

tent must be low. Also, if the metal

is allowed to stand a longer time after

the addition of f erro-manganese , this

sulph.ide will rise and may be skimmed

o'ff.

Levy, D.M. Iron, Carbon and Sulfur, Journal of Iron

and St.eel Institute, (^) 77., p. 33.

Reports of a research made to investi-

gate the action of S as it affected the

relations of iron and carbon. A com-

prehensive review of previous work.

Gives Bibliography.

Saklatwalla , B . Constitution of Iron. and Phosphorus Com-

pounds, Journal Iron and Steel Institute,

77, p.^ 92.

A cqmplete thermal and met all ogr a phi c in-

vestigation of the subject.

»

Rail Failure^ Statistics^ for^ Year^ Ending

October 31, American Railway Engineering

Association, 13 , P.-613, 1912.

Tabulation showed large differences

sufficient to overcome differences

in rail sections. Comparison Besse-

mer vs open-hearth rails.

The Iron^ Phosphorus^ System,^ Zeitschr. fur

anor'g, Chem.^ 66, o.^ 209.

The cooling curv-s of 30 alloys

of iron and ohosohorus wer^ investi-

gated. P varied from l/2^ to 2l4>.

The existence of FejP and r^ Fegp is '

.

confirmed

.

The Influence^ of Manganese Sulphide on

Iron and Steel, Iron Trade Review, (^) 43, p. 433.

Gives results of investigation on

the presence of manganese sulphide.

Does not always exist cure. Recom^

mends an excess of Mn

.

Liesching, Theodor . Uber den Sinfluss des Schwefel auf

das System Ei sen-Kohlenst of f , Metal-

lurgie 7_, o. 535.

The freezing' point is lowered with

higher sulfur content while the

pearlite ooint remains stationary

at 700: degrees.

Churchill," C.S. Droo Tests on Rails, American Railway

Engineering Association, 12-2 , p.188.

Statement of drop tests and chemi-

cal analyses of rails rolled for

the Norfolk and Western. Gives

results of various heights of rails

of known composition and a comoari-

son of rail analysis with mill analy-

sis.

Coroner, Report by, Rail Failur e-Lehigh Valley

Wreck, Manchester, N. Y., Iron Trade

Review, (^) 49, p. 1103.

Cushing, W. C.

Konst anti^ now,^ N.

Levy, (^) D. M.

Describes the history of the "A” open

hearth rail and how it broke^.^ Says

ra.il contained^ a^ Pipe^ and^ a^ transverse

fissure. Was cause of a. wreck. Profes

sor Touceda rna.de a chemical analysis

and found all elements O.X. except

manganese which was 1.21 per^ cunt, so'

high as to cause cold shortness under

impact.

Cushing, W.C. A Study of 40 Failed Rails, American Rail-

way Engineering Association, 1 2-2, p.230.

A report of examination of 40 failed

rails, mostly Bessemer- which failed

in the main tracks of the S.W. system

of the P en n (^) s.y 1 v an i a^. I nd i cates t h^ a

f

failures classified as crushed and

split heads were confined mostly to

rails of segregated met^l from the

upper part of the ingot,

Cushing, W.C. A Study of 68 Failed Rails, American Rail-

way Engineering Association, 13-2^ , p.393.

Show split heads usually occur in

segregated, metal. The type "’broken 1 '

rail in a large proportion of ces^s

showed metal satisfactory on analy-

sis (^) and tensile (^) tests and the (^) work,

did not bring out the- caus-e of failure

Dudley, P.H. Ductility in Rail Steel, Railway and

Engineering Review. 51 ,^ *p.^ 304.

Discusses the effects of the differ-

ent constituents of iron, temperature,

etc. P. reduces the capacity of the

metal to distribute rapid strains or

those of large magnitude before frac-

ture occurs. (^) Sulphur is an impurity

and renders the metal cold short.

Wickhorst, M,H. Investigation of a Split Hoad Rail, Ameri-

can Railway • Engineering Association. 12-2,

p. 439.

Results of examination of a split

head rail by means of analyses, ten-

sile tests, microscopic tests and

numerous sections.

'G.ive.s. tabulated data with references

1 to^ the,-^ chemical^ contents^ of^ rails

rolled up to ‘the present time, with

conclusions.

Trimble ..and • .. A., Study of V?. Good Service Rails >^ ' Ameri-

Cushing can Railway .’Engineering Association, 13 ,

' p. 573. :

The* results givenof the laboratory

.examination of some rails that had Teen in .service a^ long time. Anal^ yd

ses , tensile tests and microphotos.

... ..... , (^). y/hi 1 e^ most'^ of ;the r^ a^ i Is^. eh^ owed^ good

laboratory results, some were rather

hi (^) gh i (^) n -php s oh (^) o ru s

.

Influence of Sulfur on the Stability of

I non.^ tarbide-^ in:^ the^ Pres^ shoe^ of^ Silicon,

•Journal of Iron and Steel Institute ,

,

Q (^1) [^ ^^ -

. Sulfur increases the stability of

T ... i:^ t^ oh*,^ carbide^ at^ high^ temperatures.

Silicon and manganese neutralize

the influence, of sulfur. (^) n

Uber "s6hwef elhaltige Einschliisoe in

St ah’. 1 -Journal der^ russ. Met.^ Ges. pi 514.

Thd sulfur^ content^ seoaratep^ out

i ...room^ lid^ quid^ steel^ by^ crystallization.

Iv 'is Tnly r cluble in the liquid and

i.'Xt in the solid stueTJ.'

Supplementary Fetes on the Forms in Which

Sulphides, may Exist in Steel Ingots,

Iron •^ and... St e T Institute, p. 271

Ed sous^ sos^ of^ f^ oot^ of A1 on^ segregation

Hatfield, W.H.- Phosphorus in Iron and Steel, Engineer,

p. 120, 1916., p,-335; 'Iron.^ Age^ -96 (^) , p.1234;

Journal of Iron and Steel Inst itut e , 92

,

p. 122. Concludes., 0

.

20 % P may be present in

' certain -alloys wuthout unduly modi-

fying ‘the physical properties of the

heat treated materials.

Arnold , J.

.

Bolsover ,G .R.

Hatfield, W.H.^0

Steinberg

1918 Johnson, J.E.Jr. Recent^ Developments^ in^ Cast^ Iron^ Ma.'v

ture, Journal Franklin Institute,^ 179,

p. (^) 59, 171.

Deals with recent developments in if:

manufacture of cast iron ^nd discuss

the effects of various elements on t

properties of cast iron.^ Sulfur^ is

the most troublesome element^ in the

metallurgy of steel^ while^ P^ increase

the fluidity of cast iron and its

effect up to 0.404 seems to increase

the strength.

1915 Pitman, R.A. Elowholes and Sulfur, Foundry 43_, p.95.

Poor pouring and not the^3 content

is to blame^ for^ blowholes.

1915 Schipper (^) , J. E

.

Steel: (^) Its Pathology, Automobile, (^) 52, o,

Deals with composition, Iron, carbon

manganese and other impurities alw^

present. Lists S as a "strength s:

:

and P (^) as a "weak (^) link."

1915 Stead, (^) J.E. Iron, Carbon and Phosphorus, Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, (^) 91, p. 140

.

Deals with the distribution of P in

steel and the mechanical properties

of phosphor it i c-carbon steels and

new methods for detecting variations

of P in iron and steel.

(^1915) Thompson, (^) A. W.T

.

Gagging Rails and Transverse Fissures,

Railway Age Gazette 59, p.887.

Does not think transverse fissures

are caused by gagging for these

fissures are seldom found except

in open hearth low phosphorus high

carbon Bessemer rails.

1915 Wickhorst, M.H. Failur es-Rai 1 for,- American Railway

Engineering Association, 18_, p. 923,1917.

Statistics for 1915 covering open

hearth versus Bessemer, comparing

causes, comparing mills.