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5. Be able to explain the principles of natural selection (including the Breeder’s equation and Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection), and provide biomedically relevant examples of natural Selection in the lab, and in real life. - Breeder’s Equation: R = h^2 S → used for forecasting quantitative trait evolution - R = response to selection, h = heritability, S = selection differential - h^2 = VA (additive Genetic Variance) / VP (phenotypic variance) - Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection - fitness increases throughout time proportional to speed and fitness Ex. mosquitoes where they have a fungal pathogen that kills them. Using the pathogen to control mosquitoes was more effective if you use it earlier Ex. looking for drug combinations for therapy, want a negative pleiotropy so that one trait won't promote resistance. In the lab you want to reduce fitness difference between strains that are resistant vs susceptible to the drug and target something that has negative pleiotropy so it doesn't kill all of the resistant things so the next drug can target what is left - Over time, natural selection leads to adaptations 6. Know what fitness is, and what fitness is not - Fitness is the ability of an organism to reproduce viable offspring - An adaptation can be developed throughout generations to help increase the likelihood of producing offspring - we are not adapted to the present day, we are adapted to generations ago 7. How do we measure / detect natural selection? - We can measure and detect natural selection by comparing the relative fitnesses of different phenotypes of different species and see which ones have the highest fitness - With natural selection, previous sequences of a phylogeny will vanish or stop reproducing, and new ones will start to flourish 8. What is a phylogeny, and what information do we gain from them, with an emphasis on medical practice and epidemiology? - A phylogeny is the historical relatedness between individuals, populations, or species - We are able to determine how closely two species are related to each other - With emphasis on medical practices and epidemiology, we can use it to look at the spread of a disease - “Superspreader” events, we can track down the relative time that the infection was passed to other people, and we can also look to figure out who the individual was, and what kind of mutations occurred between the different spreads of infection to see if new variants arised 9. What does a phylogeny look like for a pathogen under positive selection versus genetic drift - Genetic drift on the left, Natural selection on the right
SIR Model:
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