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Educational Psychology and Human Development of Children and
Adolescents - D307 Questions and Answers.
At which developmental stage would a child be expected to tie shoes? A. Primary school B. Preschool age C. Toddler age D. Sensorimotor stage - ✔✔✔ A. primary school How does female growth differ than male growth during the adolescent stage? A. Females usually complete physical growth before males. B. Females generally begin puberty growth after males. C. Females experience growth spurts later than males. D. Females show physical signs of puberty after males. - ✔✔✔ A. Females usually complete physical growth before males. Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the early childhood physical development stage? A. Ties shoelaces B. Wears roller skates C. Writes in cursive D. Dribbles a basketball - ✔✔✔ A. Ties Shoelaces Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the middle childhood physical development stage? A. Refining of motor coordination B. Learning to use fine motor skills C. Reaching peak motor reaction time D. Declining gross motor skills - ✔✔✔ A. Refining of motor coordination According to Piaget, what is an important accomplishment at the preoperational stage? A. Conserving mass and weight B. Thinking symbolically C. Testing hypotheses D. Thinking logically - ✔✔✔ B. Thinking Symbolically A student understands that a deflated balloon can be inflated with air. According to Piaget, which cognitive level is this student demonstrating? A. Sensorimotor
B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational - ✔✔✔ C. Concrete operational According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher do to help a student move through the zone of proximal development? A.Provide instructional scaffolding B. Provide instruction at the current level C. Encourage self-direction activities D. Encourage discovery learning - ✔✔✔ A. Provide instructional scaffolding Which behavior would Piaget classify as characteristic of the concrete operational cognitive development stage? A. Explaining the commutative property in addition B. Explaining the concept of religious freedom C. Using theorems to develop geometric proofs D. Providing evidence to prove a thesis statement - ✔✔✔ A. Explaining the commutative property in addition According to Vygotsky's theory, which child is experiencing learning from "a more knowledgeable other?" A.A child reading a story to a younger sister B. A child watching parents brush their teeth C. A child playing a game with a sibling D. A child practicing spelling words with a friend - ✔✔✔ B. A child watching parents brush their teeth According to Kohlberg, which behavior is characteristic of the final stage of his moral development theory? A. Justifying a moral decision on the basis of self-chosen principles even when there is a conflict with official rules and laws B. Maintaining individual rights in making moral decisions; when individual rights are compromised, options should be studied C. Following social rules and laws because the individual believes social order is worth preserving D. Acting on the promise of rewards and the threat of punishment; morality is externally controlled - ✔✔✔ A. Justifying a moral decision on the basis of self-chosen principles even when there is a conflict with official rules and laws Because of circumstances, an individual seeks medical advice to remove a parent from life support.According to Gilligan, which moral stage of development is represented by this scenario?
A. Telegraphic B. Holophrastic C. Two-word D. Babbling - ✔✔✔ A. Telegraphic A fifth-grade student is having difficulty listening and retaining information. The teacher notices that the student looks pale and has brittle hair and nails.Which physical barrier is likely affecting this student's learning and performance? A. Nutrition B. Sleep C. Stress D. Hearing - ✔✔✔ A. Nutrition A fourth-grade student complains of headaches, stomach pain, and nausea. The teacher notices the student seems anxious and has difficulty focusing.Based on this information, which barrier is likely affecting this student's learning and performance? A. Poverty B. Stress C. Poor nutrition D. Sleep deprivation - ✔✔✔ B. Stress A high school teacher notices a sudden drop in a student's grades and a change in the way the student dresses for school.Which developmental barrier is likely affecting this student's performance? A. Retention difficulties B. Theoretical conceptualization C. Peer pressure D. Analytical miscues - ✔✔✔ C. Peer pressure While solving a multistep math problem, a student forgets the second and third steps while implementing the first. During reading, the student often forgets what was at the beginning of the paragraph before reaching the end of a paragraph.Which memory deficit is likely affecting this student's learning and performance? A. Working memory B. Short-term memory C. Long-term memory storage D. Long-term memory retrieval - ✔✔✔ A. Working memory A fourth-grade student frequently says sentences that do not make sense, has trouble learning new words, and often repeats phrases when telling a story or answering
questions. The teacher notices the student confuses verb tenses and uses "um," "stuff," and "things" when speaking rather than more specific words. A. Cognitive impairment B. Autism C. Language disorder D. Dyslexia - ✔✔✔ C. Language disorder Due to family circumstances, a high-performing student suffers from inadequate sleep.Which learning and performance impact would be consistent with the student in this scenario? A.Decreased ability to focus B. Decreased rate in physical growth C. Decreased ability to classify and organize D. Decreased rate of language acquisition - ✔✔✔ A. Decreased ability to focus An extremely intelligent middle school student does not complete work, is suspicious of those who want to be friendly, and is very judgmental of others. A teacher hears the student speak about hating the school and refers the student to the guidance counselor for poor self-esteem.How does poor self-esteem affect learning and performance? A. It decreases the willingness to take risks. B. It promotes positive peer relationships. C. It initiates gender discrimination. D. It increases emotional balance and maturity. - ✔✔✔ A. It decreases the willingness to take risks. Even in the heat, a somewhat withdrawn student wears long sleeves and pants. As a victim of abuse, this student fears being required to have anything signed by a parent. How does child abuse influence learning and performance? A.It increases self-isolation and the fear of reprimand. B. It increases chances to develop learning disabilities. C. It increases independence and motivation. D. It increases control of emotional response. - ✔✔✔ A.It increases self-isolation and the fear of reprimand. A second-grade student is argumentative and defiant and engages in passive-aggressive behaviors such as giving a peer a hug or high five that causes pain. The teacher notices the student bullying other students on the playground.In which area of development is this student struggling? A.Physical B. Social-emotional C. Cognitive
D. Moral needs - ✔✔✔ A. Physical needs A student who is oversensitive to stimuli has difficulty following multistep directions, frequently asks for information to be repeated, and is easily distracted from assigned tasks.What are the learning needs of a student with this type of sensory processing disorder? A. Reduction of distractions B. Isolation and seclusion C. Problem-solving techniques D. Kinesthetic activities - ✔✔✔ A. Reduction of distractions The language and cultural barrier of a middle school-aged English learner (EL) from a socialist country causes the student to struggle in an U.S. history class. The student has difficulty with abstract social science concepts and terminology. Which approach would address the learning needs of this student? A. Provide concrete examples to clarify difficult vocabulary and ideas B. Provide extended time to complete written assignments C. Provide scheduled, frequent breaks during lectures and discussions D. Provide a recorded version of the text for repeated readings - ✔✔✔ A. Provide concrete examples to clarify difficult vocabulary and ideas What is a key concept of B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning in behavioral theory? A. Good behavior can be encouraged by continual positive reinforcement. B. Punishment increases the likelihood of inappropriate behavior. C. A reward stimulus should be paired with a neutral stimulus to improve behavior. D. Poor behavior is the result of an unchangeable genetic factor. - ✔✔✔ A. Good behavior can be encouraged by continual positive reinforcement. What is a key concept of the humanistic theory of learning? A. People are innately good. B. People in a society dictate norms. C. People act in response to stimuli. D. People's behavior is the result of experience. - ✔✔✔ A. People are innately good. Which key concept is associated with the constructivism theory of learning? A. Interactive experiences B. Positive reinforcement C. Group collaboration D. Fixed curricula - ✔✔✔ A. Interactive experiences
Which theoretical learning approach aligns to playing trivia games to review class material? A. Information processing theory B. General intelligence theory C. Constructivism theory D. Humanistic theory - ✔✔✔ A. Information processing theory A teacher has a large group of students to assess. The teacher wants to accurately assess the knowledge students have in a fairly short amount of time.Which type of assessment should this teacher use? A. Short answer B. Exhibition C. Essay D. Portfolio - ✔✔✔ A. Short answer A teacher wants to know how students apply the things they learned over time and in different ways.Which type of assessment should this teacher use? A. Portfolio performance B. Selected-response C. Short-answer D. True/false - ✔✔✔ A. Portfolio performance A teacher wants to understand students' mastery of a concept and wants some subjectivity in grading.How should the teacher assess in this scenario? A. Have students complete a true/false quiz B. Have students complete a multiple-choice test C. Have students complete a constructed-response question D. Have students complete a fill-in-the-blank question - ✔✔✔ C. Have students complete a constructed-response question What is one reason a school would use a criterion-referenced reading assessment? A. To assess whether students have mastered a particular national reading standard B. To assess whether students were reading at, above, or below the national average C. To assess which student in a particular class was the strongest reader D. To assess which students could read at the same rate as most other students their age - ✔✔✔ A. To assess whether students have mastered a particular national reading standard A high school teacher promotes the development of self-efficacy in students based on the social cognitive learning theory. One student, when assigned a history project, exhibits stress, becomes overwhelmed, and verbalizes that the task is too difficult.Which strategy aligns with this scenario?
A first-grade teacher wants to assess student comprehension on the life cycle of a butterfly. There are three English learners in the classroom.Which formative assessment activity is likely to benefit these students? A. Reading a passage silently on the life cycle of the butterfly and answering questions B. Writing a paragraph on the butterfly's life cycle and presenting to the class C. Taking a pop quiz on the different stages of the butterfly's life cycle D. Labeling real-life photographs of the different stages of the butterfly life cycle - ✔✔✔ D. Labeling real-life photographs of the different stages of the butterfly life cycle A teacher has a class that includes a student with expressive language disorder. The teacher wants to assess if students can distinguish between nouns and verbs.Which formative assessment strategy supports the learning needs of this student? A. Reading a paragraph, and circling the verbs and underlining the nouns B. Sorting images of verbs and nouns into given categories C. Writing sentences with a variety of verbs and nouns D. Drawing images of verbs and nouns, and labeling accordingly - ✔✔✔ B. Sorting images of verbs and nouns into given categories In a fifth-grade classroom, 75% of the students are from low socioeconomic backgrounds and are reading below grade level. At the end of the chapter about photosynthesis, the teacher decides to assess students on the concepts presented.Which summative assessment strategy would be appropriate in this scenario? A. Providing alternative performance tasks for students to demonstrate knowledge B. Requiring that the end-of-chapter test be completed in writing by all students C. Rewriting the textbook assessment as a multiple-choice exam D. Completing the review section in the textbook as a total class - ✔✔✔ A. Providing alternative performance tasks for students to demonstrate knowledge Two seven-year-old non-English-speaking students learn English by listening to read- alouds and singing songs. After nine weeks of school, the ability to retell a story must be assessed.Which summative assessment strategy would be an appropriate option for these two students? A. Provide pictures for students to order while retelling the story B. Permit the students to use dictionaries while repeating the story C. Permit the student to use the book while retelling the story D. Provide art materials for students to duplicate the narrative - ✔✔✔ A. Provide pictures for students to order while retelling the story What can teachers learn when they understand students' physical, cognitive, social- emotional, and linguistic development? A. What the children's home environment is like
B. Exactly which milestones the students will meet next C. Which teaching practices are most likely to engage students D. Which children will become successful adults - ✔✔✔ C. Which teaching practices are most likely to engage students Physiological needs are the first needs that must be met in Maslow's hierarchy. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ A. True Lucas is a fourth-grade student who has read almost every book in the classroom library. He asks his teacher if she will bring him some "bigger kid" books to read because he is bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is Lucas trying to satisfy? A. Cognitive B. Love and belonging C. Transcendence D. Physiological - ✔✔✔ A. Cognitive Anika has served on student council for the past two years. Now that she is a senior, she believes that she is more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office. Anika is attempting to meet a safety need. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False Matching A. The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who have maintained a B average or higher for the quarter. B. A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities. C. A school institutes a rigorous antibullying program. D. The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfasts to eligible students. Esteem. Love and belonging. Safety. Physiological. - ✔✔✔ Esteem. A Love and belonging. B Safety. C
B. Higher mental functions are innate. C. There is little relationship between language and cognitive development. D. Children learn best when they are left alone to make new discoveries - ✔✔✔ A. Much learning occurs via social interaction. As Mei sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, "First I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows." Mei is engaging in social speech. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False What is the zone of proximal development? A.The level of development just below where a learner is currently functioning B. The level of development far beyond where a learner is currently functioning C. The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning D. The level of development a learner has currently achieved - ✔✔✔ C. The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning A classroom that emphasizes a student's social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False Kamal proudly told his father that he got a gold star on his spelling test at school today because he was the only student to spell all the words correctly. Which of Erikson's stages does this suggest that Kamal is currently passing? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Industry versus inferiority C. Initiative versus guilt D. Identity versus role confusion - ✔✔✔ B. Industry versus inferiority An infant who looks to a caregiver for reassurance illustrates Erikson's stage of A. identity versus role confusion B. autonomy versus shame C. trust versus mistrust - ✔✔✔ C. trust versus mistrust Bandura identified two kinds of models from which people could observe and learn new skills: verbal and symbolic. A. True
B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False A teacher has discovered one of her fourth-grade students writing obscene words with chalk on the playground. The teacher is surprised because this student is one of the quietest and most well-behaved children in class. Which explanation most closely fits Bandura's theories? A. The student has unresolved anger toward the teachers and principals. B. The student has failed to resolve the initiative versus guilt stage and, therefore, acts inappropriately. C. The student had a bad day at home and is reacting aggressively as a result. D. The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week. - ✔✔✔ D. The student noticed that his classmates laughed when another child did the same thing last week. Carol Gilligan believed that women brought a distinct perspective to ethical decisions because they prioritized abstract issues of right and wrong. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False Which of the following is typical of the social and emotional skills a child in elementary or grade school might display? A. May try to verbalize feelings, but might become aggressive when under stress B. May enjoy pretend play but confuse real and "make-believe" C. May have intense tantrums if not given his or her way D. May prefer time with friends, including romantic partners, over time with family - ✔✔✔ A. May try to verbalize feelings, but might become aggressive when under stress A kindergarten teacher is planning classroom activities and is wondering what behavior to expect from students during group work. What is a typical social and emotional expectation for five-year-olds? A. May want to please teacher or peers B. Does not typically play with other children C. May be unable to distinguish real and pretend activities D. Does not enjoy new activities - ✔✔✔ A. May want to please teacher or peers Which of these is a component of Chomsky's language acquisition theory? A. Language errors are different for children of different ages, countries, and language groups. B. Language learning is innate and instinctive. C. Language learning is different across cultures.
According to typical language development expectations, a two- to three-year-old should be able to follow multi-phrase classroom directions with abstract language (e.g., draw a line under the picture on the paper that shows something you play with). A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False When recess is called, two boys slip on their hoodies and, with a little concentration, zip them up. They then run out to the playground, where they draw stick figures with sidewalk chalk. Which physical development stage describes these students? A. Early childhood B. Adolescence C. Middle childhood D. Infancy - ✔✔✔ A. Early childhood A second-grade student tells his teacher that he is being bullied on the playground by some older children. The student is attempting to meet his physiological needs. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the adolescence physical development stage? A. Slow and steady growth B. Stunted growth C. No growth D. Accelerated growth - ✔✔✔ D. Accelerated growth A teacher asked children of different ages this question: "What would it be like if humans had gills and lived underwater?" Which answer is characteristic of a child in the formal operations stage? A. We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on. B. This is a stupid question because we don't live underwater. C. We would be wet all the time. D. I would not like to live underwater. - ✔✔✔ A.We would have to invent waterproof paper to write on. According to Vygotsky, a person learns best through his or her own experiences. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False
Which characteristic would be consistent with a student in Piaget's preoperational level of cognitive development? A.Solving "what-if" questions B. Pretending to be a cartoon character C. Playing with a mobile D. Understanding that A + B = C is the same as B + A = C - ✔✔✔ B. Pretending to be a cartoon character Gilligan theorized that women are more involved in the care of others rather than in the care of themselves. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ A. True A 10 - year-old student works hard to master multiplication so her teacher and peers will be proud of her. Which of Erikson's stages is this student displaying? A. Autonomy versus shame B. Trust versus mistrust C. Identity versus role confusion D. Industry versus inferiority - ✔✔✔ D. Industry versus inferiority Which example demonstrates Bandura's theory of observational learning and modeling? A. A student picks up his backpack and walks toward the door even though the rest of the class has not done so. B. A student does not want to finish a math test, but the teacher offers her a reward if she does. C. A teacher tells her class to line up by the door; they line up. D. A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewis - ✔✔✔ D. A new student sees a group of children kick the ball, so he joins them and does likewis Which example best demonstrates Skinner's operant conditioning theory of language development? A. A child raised without much human interaction learns to talk without difficulty. B. A student learning English makes progress when placed with peers who engage her in social interaction. C. A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again. D. A fifth grader listens as her teacher models the correct way to answer a question, then tries it herself. - ✔✔✔ C. A baby coos, smiles when his mother turns toward him, and coos again.
A. Social interaction B. Writing information down C. Remembering information D. Developmental communication - ✔✔✔ C. Remembering information Students with learning disabilities may have difficulty with handwriting. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ A. True A student is returning to school after a mild concussion due to a bicycle accident. What is one way the student's performance may be impacted? A. Constant confusion and fatigue B. Challenges with adaptive behavior and independent living C. Unwillingness to complete work, socialize, or comply with directions D. Mood changes, headaches, and occasional confusion - ✔✔✔ D. Mood changes, headaches, and occasional confusion Having the daily living, social, and communication skills to function independently is known as A. Applied Behavior B. Adaptive Behavior C. Intellectual Capacity D. Choice-based Behavior - ✔✔✔ B. Adaptive Behavior Cognitive disabilities or barriers are often the primary barrier to learning faced by students. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False A student in your class struggles with social understanding and communication. He also exhibits repetitive routines and narrow interests. Which cognitive development barrier is associated with the behaviors the student displays? A. ADHD B. Autism C. Intellectual disability D. Learning disability - ✔✔✔ B. Autism ADHD does not impact a student's self-esteem or mental health. A. True
B. False - ✔✔✔ B. False What is a typical sign or symptom of trauma in a school-aged child? A. Getting a specific kind of math problem wrong over and over B. Responding to events with a disproportionate or hypervigilant reaction C. Displaying repetitive behaviors or obsessive interests D. Experiencing difficulty with forming relationships or conversing with peers - ✔✔✔ B. Responding to events with a disproportionate or hypervigilant reaction Children exposed to trauma may develop negative self-concept and inappropriate conflict resolution and self-monitoring skills. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ A. True Risky behavior and social or emotional challenges can be observed in students who bully others and those who are bullied. A. True B. False - ✔✔✔ A. true A teacher has a student who has difficulty paying attention to others, carrying on conversations without raising her voice, and controlling her emotions. What should the teacher consider first as a possible reason for the student's social difficulties? Insufficient discipline at home Stressors at home or school Too much television Poor parenting - ✔✔✔ B. Social and emotional challenges may be caused by mental health difficulties and may manifest with challenging behavior. True False - ✔✔✔ A. True Which condition may result directly from exposure to trauma? A. Food insecurity B. Positive self-concept C. Poor self-regulation D. Dysgraphia - ✔✔✔ C. Poor self-regulation Trauma impacts students in a consistent and predictable way.
