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EDU 120 CH 3-5 WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS!!
At a year a newborns doubles from - Answer 7 to 28 Newborns sleep for - Answer 15-17 hours a day At a year they sleep for - Answer 12-13 hours head-sparing - Answer A biological mechanism that protects the brain whenmalnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition. Hearing develops during which trimester - Answer third Most advanced of newborn's senses - Answer hearing Least mature sense at birth - Answer seeing Newborns focus between ___ and ___ inches away - Answer 4, 30 Binocular vision between - Answer 2-4 months taste and smell in babies - Answer both present at birth gross motor skills - Answer sitting unsupported, standing, crawling, walking, running,jumping
fine motor skills - Answer small body movements; grasping rattle, reaching to hold object, thumb and finger grasping, stacking blocks,imitating vertical line
implicit memory - Answer Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect onconsciously. Evident by 3 months and stabilizes by 9 months
explicit memory - Answer the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving pastexperiences
primary circular reactions - Answer The first of three types of feedback loops insensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body.
Stage one - Answer stages of reflexes stage two - Answer first acquired adaptations (stage of first habits) secondary circular reactions - Answer The second of three types of feedback loops insensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. stage three - Answer making interesting sights last stage four - Answer *new adaptation and anticipation *goal-directed behavior (clothes for bath time or jacket when leaving) *object permanence (peek a boo)
children to learn language babbling - Answer extended repetition of certain syllables holophrase - Answer single word that conveys a complete thought once vocab reaches 50 words it builds to a rate of - Answer 50 to 100 a month 21 month old says ___ as many words than a 18 month old - Answer twice grammar is - Answer all devices by which words convey meaning Theory 1: Infants need to be taught - Answer B. F. Skinner (1957) noticed thatspontaneous babbling is usually reinforced. Parents are expert teachers, and other caregivers help them teach children to speak. Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when the words are linked to thepleasures of daily life. Well-taught infants become well-spoken children. Theory 2: Social impulses foster infant language - Answer Infants communicate becausehumans are social beings, dependent on one another for survival and joy.
Theory 3: Infants teach themselves - Answer Language learning is innate; adults neednot teach it, nor is it a by-product of social interaction. (Chomsky)
emotions at birth - Answer distress and contentment emotions at 6 weeks - Answer social smile
emotions at 3 months - Answer laughter, curiosity emotions at 4 months - Answer full, responsive smiles emotions at 4-8 months - Answer anger emotions at 9-14 months - Answer fear of social events (strangers, separation fromcaregiver)
emotions at 12 months - Answer fear of unexpected sights and sounds emotions at 18 months - Answer self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment All infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to - Answer complex patterns ofsocio-emotional awareness.
primary emotions - Answer happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust Toddlers emotions - Answer Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused. Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating.Temper tantrums may appear.
secondary emotions - Answer involve awareness of other; pride, shame,embarrassment, guilt
mirror recognition test - Answer Babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after adot of rouge had been put on their noses. None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was onthem.
caregiver's departure and return Measuring Attachment - Answer Strange Situation; Ainsworth social referencing - Answer reading emotional cues in others to help determine how toact in a particular situation
growth patterns of children - Answer height and weight increaseBMI is low Children become slimmer Center of gravity moves from breast bone to belly button From ages 2 to 6, maturation of prefrontal cortex has several notable benefits - AnswerSleep becomes more regular. Emotions become more nuanced and responsive. Temper tantrums decrease or subside. Uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common Preoperational thought - Answer Cognitive development between ages of about 2 and 6 Includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought)Logical, operational thinking is not yet possible. Symbolic thought emerges, often without logicAnimism
Centration - Answer in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only onone feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
Egocentrism - Answer the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
static reasoning - Answer a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is nowhas always been and always will be
focus on appearance - Answer young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent Irreversibility - Answer in Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentallyreverse an action
conservation - Answer the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concreteoperational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects sociocultural learning - Answer VygotskyEvery aspect of children's cognitive development is embedded in the social context (Children are apprentices in thinking) Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answer Vygotsky's term for the skills that aperson can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
Scaffolding - Answer temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilitiesand aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
overimitation - Answer The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevantpart of the behavior to be learned
Piaget - Answer Emphasized immaturity of child's mind Vygotsky - Answer stressed importance of social context
pragmatic - Answer practical use of language Learning two languages - Answer -Early childhood is the best time to learn a newlanguage. -For children to develop two languages, they must speak as well as hear two languages-Mastering two language before age 6 seems to contribute to lifelong neurological benefits. language shifts - Answer Becoming more fluent in the school language than in theirhome language
Effective strategies for children of all income levels, languages, and ethnicities - Answer1. Code-focused teaching
- Book-reading
- Parent education
- Language enhancement5. Early-education programs
Child-centered or developmental programs - Answer Emphasize children's naturalinclination to learn through play rather than by following adult directions. Encourage self-paced exploration and artistic expression.Show the influence of Vygotsky, who thought that children learn through play with other children with adult guidance Teacher-directed programs - Answer Stress academic subjects taught by a teacher toan entire class Help children learn letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, as well as how to listen to theteacher and sit quietly Make a clear distinction between work and play
Are much less expensive, since the child/adult ratio can be higher
