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EDF6225 FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADE A) LATEST UPDATE 2024/
BF Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER in preparation for the BCAB certification exam, please know that the material is based on the work of _____________ Standard Celeration Chart - CORRECT ANSWER only standardized form of data measurement in our science Dr Ogden Lindsey - CORRECT ANSWER coined the term SAFMEDS circa 1980 to refer to the cards and how to best use them for learning SAFMEDS - CORRECT ANSWER Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffle Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) - CORRECT ANSWER - single governing body for professionals in the field of behavior analysis
- established in 1998 to provide certification to professionals in an effort to establish minimum criteria to be a reactionary science - CORRECT ANSWER a systematic approach fro seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world Three levels of understanding - CORRECT ANSWER description, prediction, control
descriptive - CORRECT ANSWER studies that produce a collection of facts about the observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts correlation - CORRECT ANSWER when a systematic co-variation occurs between two events, we are able to predict the probability that one event will occur in conjunction with the other event control - CORRECT ANSWER - highest level of scientific understanding
- specifically manipulate one event in order to produce a reliable change in another event independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER The factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER The outcome factor in which we observe change; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable Functional Relation - CORRECT ANSWER when one event is specifically manipulated in order to produce a reliable change in another event, and the change in the dependent variable in not likely due to other extraneous factors (confounding variables) dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the "behavior" we wish to change
- the change we see in target bx independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER - the "intervention" we employ
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER established by Bear, Wolf, and Risley in 1968 with 7 guiding dimentions Radical Behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER Attempts to study all behavior, including private events, such as thoughts/feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and species. methodological behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science. The Behavior of Organisms - CORRECT ANSWER - skinner describes some of his most important research in ____
- describes experiments that demonstrated orderly and reliable relationships between behavior and the environment Applied dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER - Improving the socially significant behaviors of people's lives
- Bear et al (1968) : applied research is constrained to examining behaviors which are socially important (socially significant) rather than convenient for study Behavioral dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER behaviors that are observable and measurable Analytic dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER defines how we arrive to our decision as to whether or not behavior change occurred as we predicted
technological dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER Defines procedures clearly and in detail so they are replicable Conceptually Systematic Dimension of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER rely on behavioral procedures derived from the research, not just random attempts to change behavior Effective (Dimension of ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER shows that the behavior we selected was objectively measures and it demonstrated a reliable change Generality (Dimension of ABA) - CORRECT ANSWER - golden standard of ABA procedures
- when an intervention not only changes behavior in one setting with on person, but maintains across other settings/people positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER when a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase positive punishment - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior decrease negative reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWER when stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior decrease
- refrigerator is always there, it does not make you hungry, it only represents the availability of the reinforcement of food Motivating Operation (MO) - CORRECT ANSWER - increases (EO) or decreases (AO) the current effectiveness of a reinforcer
- does not signal the availability of a reinforcer
- preference/adverseness of skittles reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER the refrigerator may typically signal the availability of food and food could be considered a _________ if you are hungry Establishing Operation (EO) - CORRECT ANSWER - A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer
- food deprivation establishes food as an effective reinforcer
- your hunger is not contingent of the availability of the refrigerator (you can be hungry in the absence of a fridge) in this instance your hunger is an
Unconditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER - stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning
- its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (all members of species are susceptible to the same properties of stimuli)
- food, shelter, water, warmth conditioned reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER - a previously neutral stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
- also known as a secondary reinforcer Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER a conditioned reinforcer that has a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depended on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness contrived reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER as Skinner (1989) pointed out, the powerful reinforcer "does not need to be contrived for instructional purposes; it is unrelated to any particular kind of behavior and hence always available escape contingency - CORRECT ANSWER when responding terminated an ongoing aversive stimulus avoidance contingency - CORRECT ANSWER when responding delays or prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus discredited avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER responding in the presence of a signal prevents stimulus presentation
negative punishment - CORRECT ANSWER the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring positive punishment - CORRECT ANSWER the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring aversive control - CORRECT ANSWER - associated with both positive punishment and negative reinforcement
- used to describe interventions involving either or both of these contingencies conditioned punisher - CORRECT ANSWER acquired its punishing properties capabilities by being paired with unconditioned or conditioned punishers punisher - CORRECT ANSWER a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior reward ; escape - CORRECT ANSWER Dr. Murry Sidman summarized many times that we consider virtue to be its own ________. He also indicated that it is a myth to believe that punishment does not teach anything because it effectively teaches avoidance and __________. positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER punishment much be paired with
decrease - CORRECT ANSWER - the power of punishment techniques is that they can rapidly ________ and individual's rate of problem behaviors
- merely suppressing unacceptable behaviors is not enough: the individual should also be taught appropriate and functional behaviors removal - CORRECT ANSWER negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreed by the _________ of a stimulus immediately following a behavior response blocking ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER _______________ is when a person or device blocks a response to prevent it from completing, would be considered _________ punishment time out ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER ________ is defined as withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time. This would be considered ___________ punishment over-correction ; positive - CORRECT ANSWER when, contingent upon a problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem. This would be considered ____________ punishment response cost ; negative - CORRECT ANSWER a form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on an inappropriate behavior, and results in the decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior. This would be considered ______ punishment restitutional overcorrection - CORRECT ANSWER after the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the situation and bring the environment back to a condition that is notably improved than before the behavior occurred
fixed-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response limited hold - CORRECT ANSWER when reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI schedule concurrent schedules of reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a) 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement b) operate independently and simultaneously c) for 2 or more behaviors; choice making Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in an alternating , usually random sequence and can be identified by the discriminating stimulus variable-ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER requires a variable number of responses before a response produces reinforcement chained schedules - CORRECT ANSWER much like multiple schedules in that it relies on discriminative stimulus; however, the order is not random- it is always the same fixed-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the response following the elapse of a specific, constant duration of time since the last reinforced response matching law - CORRECT ANSWER Herrenstein conceptualized the _______ by discovering a near perfect correlation b/w reinforcement and behavior
varaible-interval schedule - CORRECT ANSWER provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response four dimensions of a reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER rate, quality, delay, and effort Empiricism - CORRECT ANSWER measurement is how we operationalize _______ evidence-based - CORRECT ANSWER at the very foundation of our science, measurement legitimizes our practice so that we can toss around the phrase "_________ ________" with sincerity frequent and accurate - CORRECT ANSWER measurement of behavior ensures that ineffective treatments are not continued and effective treatments are continued three dimensional qualities of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER repeatability, temporal extent, and temporal locus repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER demonstrates the the response can be counted Temporal Extent - CORRECT ANSWER describes the duration of the response temporal locus - CORRECT ANSWER describes the duration b/w the response and some other stimulus in the environment temporal locus - CORRECT ANSWER response latency falls under ________ dimensions of behavior assessment
reliable, valid, accurate - CORRECT ANSWER to be useful in science, measurement must be valid - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _____ when the target bx was measured directly, the dimension of the target bx was relevant to the context of the bx, and the data collected were representative of the bx under conditions and during times that were most relevant accurate - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _______ when observed values, the date produced by measuring an event math the true state or values of the event reliable - CORRECT ANSWER bx measurement is _____ when it yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event observer drift - CORRECT ANSWER - Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error
- can be minimized by constant feedback and monitoring validity ; reliability - CORRECT ANSWER if everyone reports the same measurement, but the measurement instrument is broken, we can say that the measurement procedure lacks ______ , but demonstrated ______ value-altering ; bx-altering - CORRECT ANSWER A motivating operation alters the effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer, which is known as the ___________________________ effect and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, which is known as the ___________________________ effect.
frequency - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to___________________________, other aspects of behavior such as response magnitude, latency, and relative frequency can be altered by an MO. value-altering - CORRECT ANSWER The ___________________________ is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO). unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs) - CORRECT ANSWER "Certain events acquire their value- and behavior-altering effects as a result of the person's evolutionary history" (Langthorne & McGill, 2009, p. 24). This is what we call ___________________________. history ; paired - CORRECT ANSWER Just as in unconditioned reinforcers, UMOs do not require a learning ___________________________ to be established. On the other hand, Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) are value- and behavior-altering events that are a result of the person's learning history. Just like conditioned reinforcers, they acquire their status by being___________________________ with their unconditioned (or another previously paired conditioned) counterpart. increase ; frequency - CORRECT ANSWER When food deprivation is an establishing operation, the value-altering effect is an ___________________________ in the reinforcing effectiveness of food. The behavior- altering effect is an increase in the current ___________________________ of all behavior that has been reinforced by food. availability - CORRECT ANSWER A discriminative stimulus controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential ___________________________ of a reinforcer for that type of behavior.
transitive - CORRECT ANSWER An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus is a ___________________________ CMO. availability - CORRECT ANSWER An SD controls a type of behavior because it has been related to the differential ___________________________ of an effective reinforcer for that type of behavior. value-altering - CORRECT ANSWER ___________________________ is either an increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus (EO) or a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness (AO). decrease ; frequency - CORRECT ANSWER In the abolishing operation, the value- altering effect is a ___________________________ in the current effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as reinforcement. The behavior-altering effect is a decrease in the current ___________________________ of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event. Establishing operation - > discriminative stimulus - > response - > reinforcing stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of: Automatic reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER involves the reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it conditioned - CORRECT ANSWER __________ reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers.
unconditioned reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as reinforcer assessments - CORRECT ANSWER ______________ can be used to experimentally verify whether stimuli identified as highly preferred do indeed function as reinforcers. Premack Principle (Grandma's Rule) - CORRECT ANSWER Arranging high- frequency (ie., high preference) activities to follow low-frequency (ie., low preference) activities is an application of false ; they reinforce bx - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior analysts reinforce people. true - CORRECT ANSWER A behavior is reinforced, not the person. reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called: true - CORRECT ANSWER In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of antecedent stimuli. discriminative stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n) ________. false - CORRECT ANSWER Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence.
