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A comprehensive overview of various ecosystems, including their abiotic and biotic components, as well as the processes of ecological succession. It covers different types of forests (tropical, deciduous, coniferous, etc.), grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems like ponds, lakes, and oceans. The document delves into the characteristics, notable features, and the organisms found in these diverse ecosystems. It also discusses the concept of homeostasis, where the ecosystem tries to maintain a state of equilibrium, and the role of positive and negative feedback in this process. The stages of ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession, and the factors that influence the development of different successional stages. Overall, this document provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions and dynamics within various ecosystems.
Typology: High school final essays
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(^) Abiotic Components (^) Inorganic and organic substances found in soil (^) Temperature, humidity, rainfall, light (^) Biogenic gases (CO 2 , O 2 ) (^) Biotic components (^) Producers: Large trees, herbs, lianas (climbers), Orchids (^) Primary consumer: Deer, Elephant, moles etc. (^) Secondary consumer: Snake, Lizards etc. (^) Tertiary consumers: Tiger, Lion etc. (^) Decomposers The forest type mainly depends on abiotic factors such as the climate and soil characteristics of a region. It also depends on the nature of the tree species whether they are evergreen forest, deciduous, xerophytes or mangroves.
(^) Notable features: (^) Tropical deciduous forests form a natural cover almost all over India. (^) They are of two types-moist and dry. Moist forests are found on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats, North eastern parts of the Peninsular Chhota Nagpur plateau and along the Shiwaliks. (^) They shed there leaves for a particular period of time. (^) They are economically very important because of timber like sal and teak. (^) The animals found here are tiger, wolves, rabbit etc.
(^) Subtropical forests are within or bordering the tropical zone. (^) temperatures may vary only slightly over a year (^) Subtropical rainforests occur in Central America, the West Indies, India, Madagascar, mainland Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. (^) Small deciduous trees and shrubs are found.
(^) Notable features: (^) They are found just in south of arctic tundra (^) Winters are long, cold and dry (^) Sunlight is available for few hours only (^) Soil has less nutrient and acidic (^) Major trees are Pine, Fir, Cedar etc. (^) Animals: moose, deer, reindeer, squirrels, wolves, bears, foxes, owls, woodpeckers hawks etc. Coniferous forests grow in the Himalayan mountain region. It requires low temperature. Forests dominated by conifers such as pine, hemlock, spruce and fir. Wildlife such as snow leopards, Himalayan tahrs and musk deer’s are found in this region.
(^) Notable features: (^) Located near the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. (^) Although these areas are overall very dry, they do have a season of heavy rain. (^) Dominated by grasses (^) May have some drought-resistant, fire- resistant trees (^) Animals: giraffes, zebras, buffaloes, kangaroos, mice, moles, gophers, ground squirrels, snakes, worms, termites, beetles, lions, leopards, hyenas, and elephants. (^) Examples: (^) Savannas
(^) Notable features: (^) Severe cold and strong wind (^) Arctic wolf, arctic fox, reindeer, migratory birds and insects are found. (^) Examples: (^) Arctic Tundra (^) Permafrost: Permafrost is soil, rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years. In areas not overlain by ice, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.
(^) About 1/3rd^ of the worlds’ land area is covered with desert (^) Tropical desert (^) Notable features: (^) It is the driest and hottest place on earth. (^) Rainfall is sporadic and in some years no measurable precipitation falls at all. (^) Examples: Sahara, Kalahari, Thar, Mexican deserts, Great Australian desert. (^) Temperate desert (^) Notable features: (^) Temperate deserts can be much colder than tropical deserts (^) The floor of the temperate desert is often covered by rocks and small pebbles (^) Examples: Mojave, Sonoran Deserts (^) Cold desert (^) Notable features: (^) cold deserts occur in temperate regions at higher latitudes (^) hot summers but extremely cold winters. (^) Examples: Atacama, (^) Gobi, Great Basin, Namib, Iranian, Takla Makan, and Turkestan