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Ecology Exam 2 | BIOL 210 - Intro to Ecology and Evolution, Quizzes of Ecology and Environment

Chapters 6-10 Class: BIOL 210 - Intro to Ecology and Evolution; Subject: Biology; University: University of Mary Washington; Term: Spring 2010;

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 03/11/2010

mmannix214
mmannix214 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
define population
DEFINITION 1
group of individuals of the same species occupying the same
area
TERM 2
demography (2 ex)
DEFINITION 2
study of population dynamics for example: -patterns of
growth -age & sex composition
TERM 3
Geographic range & factors affecting it (3)
DEFINITION 3
def: overall distribution of population factors: -tolerance
limits by species -barriers to dispersal (bodies of water, mtn
ranges) -individuals restricted to suitable habitat within
overall range includes where population exists at all stages
in life cycle
TERM 4
Clumped dispersion pattern (3)
DEFINITION 4
caused by: -clumped resources -advantages in group living
(defense/ increased foraging success) -tendency of offspring
to stay close to their parents
TERM 5
uniform/spaced dispersion pattern (2)
DEFINITION 5
caused by: -competition for resources -needing more space
to grow
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define population

group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area TERM 2

demography (2 ex)

DEFINITION 2 study of population dynamics for example: -patterns of growth -age & sex composition TERM 3

Geographic range & factors affecting it (3)

DEFINITION 3 def: overall distribution of population factors: -tolerance limits by species -barriers to dispersal (bodies of water, mtn ranges) -individuals restricted to suitable habitat within overall range includes where population exists at all stages in life cycle TERM 4

Clumped dispersion pattern (3)

DEFINITION 4 caused by: -clumped resources -advantages in group living (defense/ increased foraging success) -tendency of offspring to stay close to their parents TERM 5

uniform/spaced dispersion pattern (2)

DEFINITION 5 caused by: -competition for resources -needing more space to grow

Random Dispersion Pattern (2)

uniform environment no interaction with other species TERM 7

Why are dispersion patterns formed?

DEFINITION 7 unconformities in the habitat TERM 8

factors affecting the ability to disperse

between subpopulations (3)

DEFINITION 8 -degree of unsuitability of intervening habitat -distance between subpopulations -mobility of species TERM 9

3 models of subpopulations

DEFINITION 9 metapopulation source sink model landscape model TERM 10

metapopulation

DEFINITION 10 sub populations occupy patches of a particular habitat type between which individuals move occasionally

red queen hypothesis

evolutionary hypothesis explaining why most organisms reproduce sexually because organisms are constantly attacked by parasites and disease... there is pressure to create genetically variable offspring so that some of them have a chance of beating the disease of parasite. essentially, keep running to stay in the same place... stay one step ahead to stay alive TERM 17

ecological factors that determine dispersion

of individuals (2)

DEFINITION 17 resource distribution, predation risk TERM 18

dominance heirarchy

DEFINITION 18 individuals coexist, but do not share resources equitably TERM 19

territoriality

DEFINITION 19 individuals defend exclusive access to the resource TERM 20

3 types of territories

DEFINITION 20 all purpose, feeding, mating

economic defensibility

benefits of territory ownership outweigh costs TERM 22

benefits (2) & costs (3) of defending a

territory

DEFINITION 22 benefits: exclusive access to resources and mates, more efficient use of time costs: time and energy spent on territorial defense, increased exposure during defense, risk of injury TERM 23

benefits (3) & costs (3) of living in

groups

DEFINITION 23 B: reduced predation risk, increased foraging success, more parental care C: competition, disease, risk of exploitation TERM 24

protective benefits of group living (4)

DEFINITION 24 dilution effect: central individuals also shielded by peripheral individuals (selfish herd), confusion effect, early warning of predators, cooperative defense TERM 25

foraging benefits of group living (3)

DEFINITION 25 copying, reduced viligance per individual; more time available for foraging, cooperative prey capture

inclusive fitness

direct + indirect fitness TERM 32

when is altruism favored?

DEFINITION 32 when Br > C B = fitness benefit to recipient r = coefficient of relatedness C = fitness cost to donor TERM 33

Eusocial insects

DEFINITION 33 most altruistic sterile females develop from fetilized eggs (diploid) males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid) Queens share 50% of genes w/ offspring Workers share 75% of genes with offspring workers are more closely related to others than to owm potential offspring TERM 34

types of asexual reproduction (3)

DEFINITION 34 budding, parthenogenesis, propagules TERM 35

implications of asexual reproduction

DEFINITION 35 offspring are genetically identical to parents and each other... clones

costs of sex 3

time and energy costs: male aquisition, attraction of pollinators cost of meiosis: each parent passes on half as much DNA (female cost is reduced if males contribute lots of parental care) TERM 37

why sexual reproduction?

DEFINITION 37 meiosis produces new genetic combinations, increasing parents reproductive success if offspring differ genetically, it is likely that more offspring will survive environmental change. TERM 38

dioecious

DEFINITION 38 individuals of separate sexes TERM 39

monoecious:

DEFINITION 39 both male & female organs (hermaphroditic) TERM 40

simultaneous hermaphrodites

DEFINITION 40 possess both sex organs at the same time: snails, flatworms, earthworms