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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in environmental policy. it explores the tragedy of the commons, policy processes, the roles of various interest groups (environmental groups, privatizers, green taxers, and unconventional ecologists), and the evolution of environmental legislation in the us. The q&a format facilitates self-assessment and deeper understanding of environmental policy challenges and solutions. particularly useful for students studying environmental science, political science, or public policy.
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What is the most fundamental assumption of human behavior re: politics? -
Overfishing Overuse of national parks What does Harden recommend to overcome the tragedy of the commons? General
defined as mutually agreed upon by the majority of people affected Need this to create taxes or coercive laws
Policy process - what are the stages? it is used as a means to achieve what? -
Shape the issue (via interest groups, lobbyists) Formulate decision Implement policy Evaluate legitimacy Used to achieve collective action Environmental legislation during most of 19th and 20th century was (choose)
political actions taken Exception was public lands
King Dramatic change occurs when 3 streams converge 3 streams: problem, policy, politics
What drove the shift in the policy stream in the 1960s? Re: state vs. federal involvement
What drove the shift in the political stream in the 1960s? Re: political parties -
environment in response to backlash from Vietnam war
regretting their decision to allow Glen Canyon Dam
After Hoover Dam, 2 dam proposals made at Dinosaur National Monument and Glen Canyon Environmental movement/Sierra club knew more about Dinosaur so moved to protect that -- allowed Glen Canyon if they wouldn't build one at Dinosaur
Club lost tax exempt status Congress banned dams in the Grand Canyon in 1968
International attention Problems persist - hard to regulate public goods What does the American public generally think of environmental issues? -
very low Public opinion is strong enough to keep issues on agenda but not strong enough to shape public opinion
to one, available to all Nonsubtractable - use of good by one person does not diminish another person's use
What are the policy preferences of privatizers? How should we punish violators? -
decentralize down to local and state govt Take violators to court
companies tend to act in own best interest Tragedy of the commons No allowances to promote equity
People question whether this is too broad
Local user groups, deep ecologists, eco-feminists, eco warriors
Having extremists can alienate moderates/potential supporters
need government and markets to work together for optimal outcome/address externalities and tragedy of the commons 2 options: tradeable permits or effluent charges
permits, can trade between companies depending on need
certain quantities of discharged pollutants How do you determine amount of pollution removed (effluent charges)? -
than pay, stop when it is cheaper to pay than remove
Environmental groups dislike putting a price on nature Companies will shift cost onto consumers Could create barriers to entry Effluent charges are problematic because people do not like raising taxes
taxers What are some characteristics of the president's power in environmental issues? -
Vast array of offices that works directly for him or her Limited formal tools --> need Congress to propose legislation What are some characteristics of Congress' power in environmental issues? -
Fragmented Members are individual entrepreneurs Usually need presidential approval
What happens in the later 1970s in regards to environmental policy? What was the
take backseat Alaska is exception
becomes state in 1959, start selling off lands to developers, huge parcel of land Carter intervenes - gives some land to native Alaskans, some to be considered for protection Carter gets involved using Antiquities Act to create national monuments Alaskan privatizers mad --> federal overreach Environmental groups mad --> want more Becomes fight between environmental groups and privatizers, parties begin to align with these two sides 1980: Congress passes Alaska Lands Act, largest land act in history, half to national parks, half to development Compromise because of impending Reagan How did Reagan approach environmental policy? What interest group did he represent?
of wings - Main Street, Wall Street, Easy Street, Bourbon Street United around preference for less involvement by federal government
you should regulate GHG Has standing bc rising sea levels would affect Mass coast Goes through courts, appeal to Supreme Court Mass says that EPA is required to regulate "any air pollutant reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare" SC rules in favor of Mass, EPA does have authority to regulate GHG under CAA and should be doing so What are the steps/framework to achieve significant change according to Repairing
Expand sphere to engage public Create certain conditions to make that happen Positive framing Supportive economics Scientific justification Institutional commitments
neutral from politics
narrow interests that they are supposed to be managing or regulating
left is Congress Leads to biased policymaking, benefits all 3 parties Triangle describes the relationship among these 3 What is the one place that Teddy Roosevelt said all Americans should visit? -
of Reclamation, hydropower industry, members of Congress from Southwestern states
Seasonal flows --> daily fluctuations Warm water --> cold water Full of silt and sediment --> clear water, no sediment
quality and beaches erode away Species and vegetation --> leads to several endangered species
Cultural sites get washed out Recreation altered --> easier/safer to raft
Powell and tourist system Burying of lots of canyons underwater Sediment settling to bottom What was the result of various groups pushing change re: dams and the Grand
Improve the values for which the place was established -- natural, cultural resources, visitor use
make policy Considerable discretion Notice and comment rulemaking
by NEPA - any action by a federal agency or also a state or private action if it involves federal money Notice and comment rulemaking can lead to NEPA analyses 95% requests excluded, 4% get environmental assessment, 1% get Environmental Impact Statement
including no action Evaluate each, select preferred action Provides written record, can take agency to court if they don't do preferred action
Ephemeral affects Still experimenting, still controversial and parties pushing for dam removal
Supreme Court rules for Lucas - compensate if someone loses 100% of their value Attempt to define takings, narrow definition, continuing controversy over property rights Lucas as a signal that courts shifting to skepticism of environmental groups
Courts became a lot tougher More Republican judges Late 2000s: enviro groups have lost 15 straight NEPA cases Exception: FOE v. Laidlaw
into river Violated water permits 18 times, but stopped by time of the case Appeals in favor of Laidlaw SC rules for FOE - has standing for community, need to prevent future non-compliance
Wetlands controversy - CWA says you can use navigable waters w/ permit Are wetlands navigable wetlands? Claim: water is infrequent Court ruled for Rapanos, but didn't allow for precedent Still working with wetlands regulation
Evidence of more dumping in minority communities Environmental justice No evidence of intent to give them unequal protection SC rules for Kay
support for the EPA EPA can regulate some carbon controls Sometimes air pollutants = GHG, sometimes not It does not require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to include greenhouse gas emissions every time the Act uses the term "air pollutant."
on new and existing coal fired power plants Destructive to West VA industry Ongoing - 2016
litigation
Voluntary, all parties involved can withdraw All parties agree to an outcome Some outside party assists Slower but more durable Facilitation, mediation, arbitration
CFCs (aerosols) deplete ozone 1985: ozone hole discovered 1987: Montreal Protocol
environmental groups successful, command and control, top down regulation 1980s: soft glance, Sagebrush rebels, Reagan administration, bipartisan consensus falls apart 1990s: cold stare (exceptions though), grassroots, sustainable development, party divergence
economic growth based on policies that sustain and expand environmental resource base Poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems
development (scarcity/limits to growth) to new sustainable development - growth, economic development Promises to defuse tensions between environmental protection and economic growth